CUNY GC Primate Behavior Exam 1

what if i killed myself in front of you

Strier (1994)

papionins (semi-terrestrial cercopithicines) are typical primate. assumes F philopatry M dispersal; kinship based bonds; strong male dominance hierarchies and aggression. also points to false dich of abundant/ubiquitous leaves vs limited/patchy fruits

Gradistic

defined by retention of ancestral features (Pro. vs Anth.). Grad=grandpa

Cladistic

defined by derived features (Strep. vs Hapl.)

Fleagle & Reed 1996

Communities are more similar within the same biogeographic region. Communities with primates of related or the same taxa will be ecologically similar.

Kappeler and Heymann 1996

Convergence hypothesis (similar abiotic environments will lead to similar adaptations across taxa) not supported in primates in body size, activity pattern, diet, or group size

Reed and Fleagle 1995

Rainforest cover was associated with greater primate species diversity in every continent. Annual rainfall was associated with primate species diversity in every continent except Asia: Asia is composed of small islands so there is a cap on diversity

Beaudrot and Marshall 2019

Looks at effects of Dispersal limitation (animals could live in an area but can’t travel that far) and Environmental filtering (animals don’t live in areas they are not adapted to). EF had larger effect than predicted.

Harcourt 2000

Rapport effect (species occupy greater latitudinal extent further from the equator) supported primates globablly when Madagascar was excluded and within individual continents except South America

Rapport effect

Species occupy greater latitudinal extent further from the equator. Species further from equator deal with more climatic variation and are predicted to be generalists.

Harcourt and Schrier 2009

Found that Forster effect (species richness decreases further from equator) was supported in primates. Bergmann effect (body size larger further from equator) supported probably because of lack of tiny primates

Forster Effect

Taxonomic diversity decreases further from the equator

Bergmann effect

Body size gets larger further from the equator

Kay et al. 1997

In South America, plant productivity was found to be correlated with species richness but not tree species diversity. Plant productivity correlated with rainfall.

Alpha diversity

Species richness

Beta diversity

Species richness and abundance

Gazhorn 1989

Lemur groups partition themselves in many ways. Bigger body/ group size bigger patches also seperated by canopy level. Three communities of folivores seperate based on leaf chemical composition. Species within these groups same chemical composition but different activity patterns (nocturnal vs diurnal)

Noe and Bshary 1997

Red colobus maintain and initiate polyspecific associations with diana monkeys during chimp hunting season and when chimp calls played by researchers. Diana monkeys also initiate probably as protection from eagles.

Chapman and Onderdonk 1999

Primates are important in seed dispersal: Kibale forest fragments less diversity than parts of forest with intact frugivore populations

Species richness

Number of different species in an area

Species abundance

Number of individuals per species in area

Ammensalism

One species is unaffected the other is harmed

Competition

Both animals are harmed

Community acoording to Lamber 2012

Sympatric, synchronic assemblage of species

Fundemental niche

All habitats a species could hypothetically occupy

Realized niche

Habitat species occupies due to character displacement (result of competition)

Kappler and van Shaik 2002

Society is a group of conspecifics that interact with each other more than with others. Social organization is the sexual composition and spacial cohesiveness of a society. Mating systems reflect who is mating with who and who is actually reproducing.

Genetic mating system

Who is making infants (can only be found by genetic testing).

Social mating system

Who is mating

Sexual compositon of societies

OMU, MMMF, MMOF

Cohesiveness of societies

Cohesive, fission-fusion, multilevel societies

Mating systems

monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, polygynyandry

Janson 1992

Found that larger groups have to travel farther and are limited by time: thus individuals might have to decrease feeding or split. Found that larger groups did not benefit from increased food discovery. Found that large groups are attacked more by predators, but that predator success rate was lower.

van Shaik 1983

Tests IGFC hypothesis and PFC hypothesis. Found no feeding benefit for large groups: feeding competition sets upper limit on group size. Found that predation pressure was larger in smaller groups: predation pressure sets upper limit

van Shaik and Kappler 1992

Claim that female-infant association (as opposed to infant parking) evolved with male-female association. Males guard females, when females have baby it protects from infanticide.

Wrangham 1980

High quality patchy food will result in female bonding to defend patches, low quality dispersed food will not result in female bonding. Female philopatry is the result of kin coalitions.

van Shaik 1989

Scramble competition (food intake equal) vs. contest competition (food intake ranked). Low predation risk means more BGC because strong group cohesion is unnecessary, females form egalitarian ranking systems. High predation predicts WGS or WGC. Scramble competition vs. contest competition determined by food abundance and dispersal.

Isbell 1991

Food abundance predicts intergroup competition, food distrubution predicts intragroup competition. Limited food predicts larger homeranges as group size increases and more intergroup competition as group ranges overlap. Food clumping predicts increased day range size as group size increases and more intragroup competition as food is more defensible

Sterk 1997

DE predicts low WGC and BGC, RE predicts low WGC and high BGC, RN predicts high WGC and low BGC, RNT predicts variable WGC and high BGC. Predation risk causes female association and food abundance/dispersal causes group dynamics. Philopatric groups get larger and larger until they have to split because of carrying capacity and then risk predation so get larger again (cycle).

Thierry 2008

Primates are too complex to model. If we keep adding factors to a model the model becomes useless.

Koenig and Borries 2009

Refute Thierry, use models for individual clades, not all complexity is bad if it gets us closer to accuracy.

Differences between how socioecological models are split

Wrangham (1980) splits btwn FB and non-FB, van Schaik splits between types A, B, C, D, Sterck et al. (1997) splits between RN, RNT, DE, and RE, Isbell (1991) splits between contest & scramble between & within groups, contest & scramble between groups only, and no contest & scramble within/between groups

Differences in socioecological models re: female philopatry

coalitions with kin for Wrangham and van Schaik, Isbell suggests that female philopatry occurs when dispersal costs outweigh costs of staying

Milton 1981

Howlers- larger hindguts means longer digestion time need to rely on abundant foods. Couldn’t eat fruit bc calories used to travel/digest would be more than calories gained

Spiders- shorted hindguts means less complexity and shorter digestion time. Don’t eat leaves because couldn’t extract nutrients from them

Lambert 1989

Gut specialization is the result of dealing with complex carbs differently. Foregut fermentation is good for when you need to break down cell walls first and you can digest protien in microbes once they die. Caeco-colic fermentation is better to access all immediately bioavaiable evergy. Larger guts mean more space for volitle acids but body size not correlated with diet

Lambert and Rothman 2015

Fallback foods are not rigidly defined, depends on seasonality, competition, availability. Advocates for geometric frameworks (holistic, overlapping)

Takashi et al. 2019

Nutritional composition of the diets of blue monkeys stayed similar between groups and throughout seasons

Moy et al 2023

Microbiome of fully commensual baboons less diverse, more similar to humans. Partially commensual baboons did not lose diversity, suggesting a threshold of similarity

Hobaiter et al.

There need to be more local researchers in primatology, and we need to train students and hire them

Fernandez et al. (2022)

Main threats are bio resource use (hunting and logging included) and agriculture, but threats vary based on location

Bezanson & McNamara (2019)

Consider bias, broader impacts in primatology

Hill (2002)

Community conservation

Digestable energy

Calories in food that are accessible to body

Metabolizable energy

Digestable energy subtracted by losses due to metabolic processes

Caecum fermenters

Lemurs, howlers

Colon fermenters

OWM

Fruit

Low protien high energy

Folivory

High fiber: protien, eat young leaves to avoid

Macronutrients

Protien, sugar, starch, fat

Micronutrients

Fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins