kalina final

Hypothesis

a specific, testable prediction or an educated guess about the outcome of a scientific experiment or investigation

Independent Variable

the variable you deliberately change or manipulate in a scientific experiment or a mathematical equation

Dependent Variable

the factor you measure or observe in an experiment, the outcome that depends on changes you make to the independent variable

Constant

a value or quantity that does not change in an experiment.

state the problem, research, hypothesize, conduct an experiment, collect data, analyze data, conclusion

scientific method steps

CO2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + O2

photosynthesis equation

Sun, Rain, Exhaling, or Fossil Fuels

where do plants get carbon dioxide, oxygen and light

use it for energy or store it

what do plants do with the glucose they make

Xylem

Transports minerals(Water) from soil in a plant

Phloem

Transports nutrients taken in by the roots in a plant

stomata

Gas exchange

C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O

Cellular Respiration equation

Photosynthesis, atmosphere

How do organisms get glucose and oxygen

products of one is the others reactants

relationship of photosynthesis and cellular respiration equations

constant transport of water/minerals with the osmosis gradient

How does xylem and phloem maintain homeostasis

climate change

long term trends of weather patterns

ice cores, rising sea levels

how do we know climate change is happening

greenhouse effect

natural trapping of gases in our atmosphere

good for warming the earth but too much can cause climate change

are greenhouse gases good or bad

deforestation, pollution

2 things humans are doing that are impacting climate change

carbon dioxide, methane

name the 2 greenhouse gases

fertilizer, urine, decomposers

list ways nitrogen and carbon get in the atmosphere

bacteria fixing nitrogen, organism eats another organism, photosynthesis

list ways nitrogen and carbon get out of the atmosphere

everything, all biotic or abiotic factors

what does the ecosystem consist of

biotic

living thing

abiotic

non-living thing

primary consumers and autotrophs

in a food web there are most of these types of organisms

carrying capacity

maximum population size of a species an environment can sustainably support long-term, determined by limiting factors like food, water, shelter, and space, preventing infinite growth

biodiversity

variety of living things in an ecosystem

invasive species

non-native organisms introduced to an ecosystem that spread aggressively and cause significant environmental, economic, or health harm, outcompeting natives, altering habitats, spreading disease, and reducing biodiversity.

Humans, wind, water

how do invasive species get into an ecosystem

habitat fragmentation, bringing in invasive species, destruction

how do humans negatively affect biodiversity

Ribosome, cell membrane, DNA/RNA, Cytoplasm

what cell parts do all cells have

Chloroplast

what cell part does only a plant cell have

bacteria cell

what cell has No nucleus, cell wall

plant and animal cells

vacuole, nucleus, mitochondria

passive transport

does not require energy going along with the gradient high to low concentration.

osmosis

water moving into an area that has low concentration of water

passive diffusion

small particle(usually gases) that move to a low concentration

Active transport

Goes against the gradient requiring energy(ATP)

cell wall

structure and support, protects cell

Cell membrane

controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell(semi permeable)

cytoplasm

jelly like fluid that fills the inside of the cell

nucleus

control center of the cell

ribosomes

where proteins are made in a cell

lysosomes

clean up crew of a cell, breaks down old cell parts and waste

vacuole

storage, plant cell has a big one of these

chloroplast

makes food for a plant cell and site of photosynthesis

mitochondria

makes ATP out of glucose, power house of the cell

homeostasis

the body's vital ability to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment

break down food into nutrients

function of digestive system

small intestine

absorbs nutrients from the food

stomach

digests food with hydrochloric acid

pancreas

releases bicarbonate to aid digestion

liver

releases bile

lipids

what does bile break down

proteins

what does pepsin break down

carbs

what does amylase break down

enzymes

speeds up reactions and acts as a catalyst

brings blood and nutrients to cells and rids carbon dioxide

function of circulatory system

exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen

function of respiratory system

glucose

building block for carbs

triglycerides

building block for lipids

amino acids

building block for proteins

mitochondria and cell wall

where are carbs found

cell membrane

where are lipids found

enzymes, cell membrane, antibodies

where are proteins found

carbs

what macromolecule is short term energy

lipids

what macromolecule is long term energy

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

elements of carbs and lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

elements of proteins

2 identical body cells

what type of cells are produced by mitosis

4 genetically different reproductive cells

what type of cells are produced by meiosis

meiosis creates 4 cells that are different, mitosis is body cells no reproductive cells, and meiosis has two consecutive cell divisions to make 4 daughter cells.

3 ways meiosis differs from mitosis

crossing over

The exchange of genes during prophase of Meiosis I is called?

photosynthesis

What is the ONLY way to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

carbon dioxide

what greenhouse gas are we most concerned about

clones, diversity

asexual reproduction creates but sexual reproduction creates

facilitated

This type of diffusion uses a protein channel

Diffusion

CO2 & O2 cross over a membrane by which type of transport?

hypertonic

What type of environment does water move TOWARDS

hypotonic

If there is more salt outside of a cell then inside the inner cell, the solution is called

mitochondria

What cell organelle has a job that is connected to a chloroplast?

proteins

Enzymes are what macromolecule?

benign tumor

non cancerous tumor that stops dividing

malignant tumor

tumor that will keep dividing and possibly spread

uncontrolled asexual reproduction

what kind of reproduction is cancer

somatic cells

body cells made in mitosis, 46 chromosomes = humans

gametes

sex cells made in meiosis, 23 chromosomes = humans

cellulose

what are carbs in the cell wall called

cell transport

balance the cell maintains balance by moving in and out of a cell

facilitated diffusion

what type of movement is still passive transport

substrate

what is the substance called that the enzyme acts upon

active site

part of the enzyme that acts on the substrate

ideal pH

each enzyme has its…

transpiration

the loss of water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide

daylight

when does the stomata open and become wider

quick energy

glucose is used to convert into what

oxygen

what element is used to break apart food molecules(sugars)

50%

what percent of structure of most organisms does carbon make up