General Science and Philippine History: Fluid Physics, Electrical Systems, and Spanish-Era Reform Movements

Flashcards providing essential vocabulary terms, mathematical definitions, and historical concepts spanning fluid mechanics, fundamental electrical circuits and safety, and Filipino agrarian and reform movements during the Spanish colonial era.

Fluid

A liquid, gas, or other material that flows or continuously deforms under an applied shear (tangential) force.

Steady Fluid Flow

A type of fluid motion where fluid properties such as velocity, pressure, and density do not change over time at any specific point.

Unsteady Fluid Flow

A type of fluid motion where properties such as velocity, pressure, density, or temperature change over time at a specific point.

Rotational Fluid Flow

A type of fluid flow in which fluid elements exhibit rotational motion, causing the angle between intersecting lines of a fluid element to change as it moves.

Irrotational Fluid Flow

Fluid motion that does not exhibit rotational motion, allowing the fluid to move without changing the angles between boundary lines.

Compressible Fluid

A substance—typically a gas—whose volume and density change significantly when external pressure or force is applied.

Incompressible Fluid

A substance—typically a liquid—whose density remains nearly constant regardless of changes in applied pressure.

Newtonian Fluid

A fluid whose viscosity remains constant regardless of the amount of force, speed, or shear stress applied to it.

Non-Newtonian Fluid

A fluid that changes its thickness and flow behavior when pushed, squeezed, or shaken, rather than maintaining a constant viscosity.

Fluid Density ($\rho$)

The mass per unit volume of a fluid, defined mathematically as $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$ and typically measured in $\text{kg/m}^3$ or $\text{g/cm}^3$.

Specific Weight ($\gamma$)

The amount of weight per unit volume of a substance, calculated as $\gamma = \rho g$ and measured in units of $\text{N/m}^3$.

Specific Gravity ($SG$)

A dimensionless ratio comparing the density of a fluid to the standard density of water at $4^{\circ}\text{C}$.

Viscosity ($\mu$)

A measure of the internal resistance of a fluid to flow, sliding, and deformation caused by internal friction, measured in $\text{Pa} \cdot \text{s}$ or $\text{N} \cdot \text{s/m}^2$.

Surface Tension ($\sigma$)

The inward pull acting along the surface of a liquid that causes the liquid surface to act like an elastic film and minimize its surface area, measured in $\text{N/m}$.

Capillarity

The rise or fall of a liquid in a tube, narrow pore, or thin space, which is governed by surface tension and adhesive forces.

Pascal's Principle

The physical law stating that pressure applied to any part of an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions through the liquid.

Archimedes' Principle

The principle stating that an object wholly or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Bernoulli's Principle

The fluid dynamics principle stating that an increase in fluid speed occurs simultaneously with a decrease in internal fluid pressure or fluid potential energy.

Coulomb's Law

The electrostatic law describing the force of attraction or repulsion between two electrically charged particles at rest, expressed as $F = k_e \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{d^2}$.

Electrical Conductor

A material, such as copper, silver, gold, or steel, that allows electric charges to flow through it easily.

Electrical Insulator

A material, such as rubber, glass, oil, diamond, or dry wood, that stops or strongly resists the flow of electric current.

Voltage ($V$)

The electrical pressure or potential force that pushes electrons through a circuit, measured in volts ($\text{V}$).

Electric Current ($I$)

The rate or speed at which electrons flow past a specific point in a conducting medium, measured in amperes ($\text{A}$).

Electrical Resistance ($R$)

The opposition that a material offers to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms ($\Omega$).

Ohm's Law

The law stating that electric current through a conductor is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance ($V = I \times R$), provided physical conditions remain constant.

Electric Power ($P$)

The rate at which electrical energy is transferred or consumed in an electric circuit, measured in watts ($\text{W}$) and given by $P = V \times I = \frac{V^2}{R} = I^2 R$.

Energy Efficiency

The practice of using less energy to perform the same task or achieve the same productive output.

Circuit Overload

An electrical hazard where excessive current is drawn through wires beyond their safe rating, leading to overheating, melting insulation, and fire risk.

Kilusang Agraryo

A collective resistance movement organized by Filipino farmers during the Spanish colonial period to combat land grabbing, excessive taxation, forced labor, and colonial oppression.

Politica de Reduccion

A Spanish resettlement policy that gathered native populations into centralized towns, contributing to land dispossession and agrarian unrest.

Basi Revolt (Pag-aalsa ng Basi)

An $1807$ uprising in Ilocos led by Pedro Mateo and Salarogo Ambaristo protesting the Spanish colonial monopoly on basi, a traditional local sugarcane wine.

Kilusang Propaganda

A peaceful reform movement organized by Filipino reformists (ilustrados) seeking political, educational, and social reforms through literature, journalism, books, and speeches.

La Solidaridad

The official fortnightly newspaper and organ of the Propaganda Movement that published essays and articles by Filipino propagandists advocating for reforms.

Sekularisasyon (Secularization)

The Propaganda objective demanding that religious influence be removed from civic institutions and that parishes be turned over to native secular priests instead of Spanish religious friars.

Polo y Servicios

The colonial system of forced labor imposed on Filipino men, which the Propaganda Movement fought to abolish.

Bandala

The colonial policy requiring Filipino farmers to forcibly sell their agricultural goods directly to the Spanish government, targeted for termination by reformists.

Dimasalang and Laong Laan

The primary pen names (sagisag-panulat) used by Dr. Jose Rizal when writing articles for the Propaganda Movement.

Plaridel

The famous pen name of Marcelo H. del Pilar, who also published under the aliases Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat.

Diego Laura

The pen name used by Graciano Lopez Jaena, prominent orator and initial editor of the reformist paper La Solidaridad.

Taga-Ilog

The pen name adopted by Antonio Luna in his written contributions to the Propaganda Movement's publication.