unit two vocab

Christendom

Defined as "Christ Kingdom" or "King of Christendom", representing the collective community of Christian nations in Europe.

Feudalism

"King→noble→ knights→ peasants"

Manorialism

economically, as "farms are run under the lords"

Islam

Defined as "submission to god" and noted as "founded by Muhammad"

Qur'an

"recitation", the central holy text of Islam.

Benedict

when:480-547 ad

What: Monk who authored the Rule of Saint Benedict, establishing the structural foundation for Western Christian monastic life.

where:Italian

Charlemagne

when: 800 ad

where: born in Germany

what: King of the Franks and first Holy Roman Emperor (crowned AD 800) who unified much of Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. - king of christendom

Holy Roman Empire

A multi-ethnic complex of Central European territories that developed during the Early Middle Ages and lasted until 1806.

Muhammad

when: 570-632

where: Mecca

what: The founder and prophet of Islam who delivered the revelations of the Qur'an.

Averroes

when:1126-1198 ad

where: Córdoba

What: A Muslim scholar and philosopher who translated and wrote extensive commentaries on Aristotle becuase he belived all truth is gods truth

Crusades

military expeditions between the 11th and 13th centuries were launched primarily to secure or reclaim Jerusalem and the holy land from muslim rule

Excommunication

penalty that excluded an individual from receiving sacraments and church fellowship.

Francis of Assisi

when: 1200 ad

Where: Italy

What: A monk who started a new monasticism based on simplicity and poverty. Founder of the Franciscan Order. served and lived amoung thr poor.

High Middle Ages

The era of European history spanning roughly AD 1000–1250, characterized by urban growth, state centralization, and scholastic thought.

Hildegard of Bingen

when: 1098-1179

Who: Germany

What: Medieval scholar, church leader, and mystic; she served as an abbess (the female spiritual and administrative leader of an abbey or monastery of nuns) for her monastic community. One of her visions aligns with the doctrine of the sacraments.

Penance

A sacrament of healing — confession, involving confession of sins and absolution.

Sacraments

Sacred rites instituted by the Christian church as visible signs of inward grace

Scholasticism

Uses Aristotelian logic and reasoning to harmonize Christian theology with classical philosophy.

Thomas Aquinas

When: 12th century

where: Italy

What: A Catholic theologian and philosopher who authored the Summa Theologica- an introduction to Christian theology; the greatest scholar of the Middle Ages. Believed all truth is god’s truth. Faith perfects reason.

Ad Fontes

the humanist motto advocating a return to original Greek, Hebrew, and Latin texts. Back to the sources.

Babylonian Captivity

referring to the period (1309–1376) when the papal court resided in Avignon.-Pope kidnapped to France

Black Death

1346–1353 Global epidemic from Asia. Killed 30-60% (75 million people) of the population. Jobs and productivity affected trade routes. Poland was quarantined, so it wasn’t affected as much. After better pay/jobd more land serfs. Breakdown of feudalism.

Doctrine of Discovery

Papal decrees used to justify European colonization of non-Christian lands.

Erasmus

when:1466-1536

where: Netherlands

what: humanism, church reform, education, and peace; Dutch Christian humanist who published a Greek edition of the New Testament and advocated for the study of both the bible and ancient pagan sources.

Fall of Constantinople

marking the conquest of the Byzantine capital by the Ottoman Empire

Great (Western) Schism

A split within the Catholic Church (1378–1417) when rival popes claimed authority simultaneously.

Hundred Years War

England vs France over territorial rights and the French throne" (1337–1453). England believes it has the right to the throne because of marriage; at first, France is losing.

Italian Renaissance

cultural, intellectual and artistic revival, humanism, secularism and realistic art

Joan of Arc

"French peasant mystic girl led by god to fight in war (French)"; peasant heroine who rallied French forces in the Hundred Years' War.

Little Ice Age

"period of cooling 1310 to 1480" that disrupted agricultural productivity.

Machiavelli

where: Italy

when:15th century

What: Political philosopher, Renaissance humanist, and writer of The Prince. Manual for political leaders. stating that it is better to be feared than loved.

Michelangelo

Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, and architect famous for the Sistine Chapel ceiling, David, and Pietà.

Petrarch

Italian poet and scholar, father of Humanism

95 Theses (AD 1517)

Martin Luther's propositions against church indulgence sales, sparking the Protestant Reformation

Act of Supremacy (1534)

English legislation naming King Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England, breaking with papal authority

Anabaptists

1525- Radical Reformers who rejected infant baptism in favor of adult believer's baptism and strict pacifism believed that sola scriptura wasn't applied enough. -reject the idea of sacraments, -no swearing oaths, -pacifism, -sepration from culture

Calvin (John Calvin)

when:15th century

Where: France

What: A second-generation Protestant reformer who established Reformed theology (Calvinism) in Geneva, emphasizing divine sovereignty and human sinfulness and held a relatively optimistic view of christians transforming culture. protestantism- democatic church

Diet of Worms (1521)

Imperial council where Martin Luther refused to recant his writings before Emperor Charles V

Elizabeth I

when: 16th century

where: England

what: Queen of England who established the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, creating a Protestant church with traditional Anglican liturgy

Gutenberg Printing Press

Movable-type press invented c. 1440 that enabled rapid dissemination of Reformation ideas and texts

John Hus

Czech Christian priest and key early church reformer executed for heresy in 1415 who anticipated key Reformation critiques of wealh and corruption

Martin Luther

when: 1483-1546

where: Germany

what: German monk whose 95 Theses initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Menno Simons

Second-generation anabaptist leader whose followers became known as Mennonites.

Peasants' War (1524–1525)

Widespread popular revolt in German territories inspired by evangelical (a Protestant believer who places a central focus on sharing the "good news" (gospel) of Jesus Christ and urging others to experience a personal spiritual rebirth) ideas

Protestant Reformation

16th-century religious movement that rejected papal authority and established Protestant churches

Puritans

English calvinists Protestants who sought to eliminate remaining Roman Catholic elements from Anglican worship

Sola Gratia

Reformation principle stating that salvation is granted solely by God's grace rather than human works

Sola Scriptura

Reformation doctrine holding that the Bible is the sole infallible authority for Christian faith

30 Years War (1618–1648)

Devastating European conflict rooted in religious divisions within the Holy Roman Empire

Council of Trent (1545–1563)

Ecumenical council that reaffirmed Catholic doctrine and enacted administrative reforms to counter Protestantism.

Francis Xavier

Co-founder of the Jesuits who spearheaded Catholic missionary efforts in Asia

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

Catholic religious order established in 1540 dedicated to education, missionary outreach, and counter-Reformation work.

Teresa of Avila

Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic, and writer who reformed the Carmelite order

council of trent

15th century: meeting of the leaders of the church; outcomes included addressing abuses in the church, reaffirming traditional Roman doctrines, creating an index of banned books, and reaffirming church authority and traditions.

Ignatius Loyola

when:15th century

where: Spain

What: Minor noble and soldier; dedicated his life to Christ; founded the monastic Society of Jesus (Jesuits); created schools and universities; missions to reform Europe; global missions.

Teresa of Avila

1515-1582, Carmelite nun at the age of 14, mystical visions, created a monastic reform, barefoot Carmelites, leader of both men and women.

Francis Xavier

Original Jesuit, missionary to India and Japan, died before he could reach China

jesuits

A member of the Society of Jesus, a major male religious order within the Roman Catholic Church, created schools and universities, missions to reform Europe, and global missions

bartolome de las casas

1484-1566, colonist to Hispaniola, witness to abuse of native people, becomes a Dominican monk, advocate for native people