Diversity Exam 3

i wanna die - thanatology

What do vascular tissues allow?

transport of water and food, growth in height, competitive advantage

Root evolution

Evolved twice: in lycophytes they split from the apex, in monophytes and seed plants (euphyllophytes) they form subapically

Where did land plants evolve from

charophytes

Lycopodiophyta extant lineages

(club mosses) Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, Isoetales

What are the oldest lineage of extant vascular plants

lycopodiophyta 410 mya (devonian) losin them would such, lotsa evolutionary history. They were dominant 360 mya during carboniferous

Two forms of lycopodiophyta

Herbaceous —> 1338 spp, mostly tripcal,

Arboescent (tree like) —> has vascular cambium, wood, diameter growth EXTINCT NOW

also know lycophytes have microphylls

Monilophyta what are htey when did they origionate how many of em

Ferns, 10000 spp, 390mya (devonian) also know they have megaphylls

Did monilophyta survive a bunch of extinction? if yes what

permian, triassic, KT

Monilophyta forms and importance

herbaceous and tree forms, really good at succession and environmental remediation

Euphyllophytes contains

monilophytes and gymnosperms → close genetic relationship, same roots, both have megaphylls (evolved independently) spores vs seeds

4 subclasses of Polypodiopsida

Polypodiidae (95%, 10000 spp, has some heterospory and has leptosporangia), Marattiidae, Ophioglossidae, Equisetidae

Which ferns are we researching

Hart’s tongue (rarest in NY), Fragrant Cliff (experiences different morphology bc we are the southern edge of the range) (good indicator of climate change)

When did seed plants origionate and why

End of carboniferous (359 to 299 mya) it was cold and dry and other plants were vulnerable

When was permian and what happened

299 to 252, pangea, immense dry inland, seeds began to dominate

What happened in the third mass extinction

volcanoes, acidic warm water couldn’t hold oxygen, twas hot

Triassic

252 to 201 mya, hot and dry climate, seeds dominated and evolved, gymnosperms develop

Seed plant evolution

seed coat, food source (endosperm), pollen develops meaning fertilization can occur without water

What are the four phyla of gymnosperms

cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta

Cycads

11 genera, 250 - 300 spp, dominated during jurassic (201 to 145 mya)

Ginkgo

7 genera, 50 spp, giinko biloba is lone survivor

Gnetophyta

50 spp, 3 families w/ one genus each: Ephedra, Welwitschia, Gnetum

How many conifer species are there?

546

15 genera of conifers native to North America

Abies, Calocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, Juniperus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Sequoia, Sequoidendron, Taxodium, Taxus, Thuja, Tsuga

Nine genera of conifers native or naturalized in NYS

Pinaceae: Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Tsuga

Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Thuja

Taxaceae: Taxus

When did the first flowers appear and what was the context

130 mya → pangea existed and conifers and ferns dominated, it wasn’t super diverse. Conifers used pollen (wasteful) Ferns relied on water (sucks to be a fern)

What is the closest extant relative of the first flowering plant and wheres it at

Amborella trichopoda → found in New Caledonia

Advantages of being a lil pretty cute adorable flower

Reliable reproduction (pollinators), Faster reproduction (just a few months, evolution can happen FAST), evolved color to attract insects

How did pangea breaking up influence the evolution of flowering plants

vast new landscapes → many dry

How are flower seeds adjusted to dry environments

It can wait to germinate until conditions are right, double fertilization (got nutrients), hard shell (protected from all the fist fights)

How do flowers attract pollinators

color, texture (light reflects in certain way to catch attention), ultraviolet

How is plant evolution related to biodiversity in general? Why?

Plants were able to colonize places never before colonized, animals followed. Really unique and specific relationships led to greater biodiversity → unique birds/beaks to get into unique flower shapes, unique predators to eat pollinators, unique bee evolution (hairy, compound eyes)

What is buzz pollination, how does the pollinator benefit

Flapping wings at certain seeds trigger release of pollen. Caused flowers to develop relationship with certain animals (ex. carpenter bees). Polinator gets food, plants don’t lose their pollen to other flowers. Helped prosper biodiversity

What period in history had the fastest documented evolutionary rates

middle of jurassic

Effects of flowering plants on climate

Led to tropical rainforests → More veins = more transpiration, more rain = more diversity = cooler temps. Also leads to canyons, mountains, etc

How did flowering plants survive the mass extinction that wiped out dinos

Many didn’t but nectar and brightly colored petals attracted remaining pollinators and helped them to survive

What are the linkages between the evolution of flowering plants and humans

Post dinos mammals evolved and helped flowers distribute their seeds → fruit developed. Primates relied on fruit for survival. Where fruit was led to long limbs. Primates used to pick fruit too early before seeds were developed → led to fruit needing to ripen to taste good → led to more complex vision to allow primate to see the red.

How many species and families of angiosperms exist

250000 spp, 400 families

Titan arum

“convection flower” - gigantic, pulses of heat and odor produced by respiration to attract flies

Angiosperm with the widest stem

African baobab (Adansoinia digitata)

How old is the oldest angiosperm and what is it

10000 years (clones), Creosote bush, quaking aspen (massive forests consist of one organism allowing it to live really really long)

What angiosperms eat animals?

Dionaea (venus fly trap) - Droseracea; Ultricularia (Bladderwort) - Lentibulariacea; Sarracenia (pitcher plant) - sarraceniaceae

What angiosperms parasite other plants?

Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) parasite beech family (fagus), American mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinium), Wichweed (Striga astiatica), Ghost pipe (monotropa uniflora) is parasitic to ascomycetes

True or false, some angiosperms don’t need soil

T, grow on other plants (Tillandsia), doesn’t usually harm host

Nitrogen fixing in angiosperms

Red clover, Acacia, Red alder → all have symbiotic relationship with smth else, good for soil

True or false: Most world biomes are dominated by angiosperms

T, well adapted can live anywhere

True or false most major crops are angiosperms

T: Grains, rice, potatoes

What purposes do angiosperms serve economically?

Food, construction material (bamboo and teak), medicinal purposes (weed)

What are most plant species?

angiosperms

Angiosperm apomorphies

flowers, ovules enclosed in a carpel, double fertilization makes endosperm, sieve tubes transport photosynthetic products, vessels transport water

know this

im serious its not that hard just study

How is a closed carpel beneficial

Ovules are protected from outside world, protects against self fertilization too. Also the fertilized ovary develops into a fruit

Dry fruit vs fleshy fruit, Dehiscent vs Indehiscent fruits

Indehiscent → dry fruits that rely on decay or predation to open

Dehiscent→ dry fruits that open at maturity

Modern angiosperm adaptations

High gas exchange, comes from smaller stomatal size and larger stomatal and leaf vein densities

Most common angiosperm family

Asteraceae (a core eudicot), 23000 spp, artichoke, sunflower, lettuce

Second biggest angiosperm family

Orchidaceae (monocot), 19500 spp

Third biggest angiosperm family

Fabaceae (legumes), 18000 spp, 2nd most economically important, contains peanuts, soybeans, lentils, peas, tamarind, alfalfa, beans

What is the most economically important angiosperm family? How much of earth’s vegetation, how much of calories, how much of farmland, important crops?

Poaceae (grasses), 10000 spp, 24% of earth’s vegetation, 50% of human calories; 70% of farmland; important crops include wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane

How is poaceae pollinated and what does its fruit look like?

It’s pollinated by wind, it has plumose stigmas and reduced perianth (don’t advertise to pollinators), it has large anthers. Has caryopsis, indehiscent dry fruit, is self-planting with awns.

What families use CAM metabolism

Crassulaceae (stonecrop), Cactaceae (cactus), Euphorbiaceae (spurge) → all three are core eudicots

Legume flowers

diadelphous stamens (grouped into two bundles). Have 10 fused stamens or 9 fused stamens and one free stem* know banner, keel and 2 wings*

Structure of a fleshy fruit

Pericarp = wall of ripened ovary, made up of exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Has locules which are chambers inside the ovary containing ovules/seeds.

Magnoliids

Simple flowers: plicate fused carples, bisexual flowers, tepas are free and undifferentiated, has free carpels, has undifferentiated stamens

Simple fruits: Aggregate of follicles, aggregate of samaras

ANA angiosperms

have flowers, carpels, double fertilization and sieve tubes, undifferentiated. Include amborellales, nymphaeales (water lillies),