Chapter 5: Tissues, Glands, Membranes & Stem Cells

What is anatomy?

The study of form (structure) of organisms.

What is physiology?

The study of function of organisms.

How are anatomy and physiology linked?

Anatomy provides the structure that physiology studies for function.

What is anatomical variation?

Differences in structure among individuals, leading to physiological variation.

Define homeostasis.

The maintenance of a relatively consistent internal environment within an organism.

What are the components of homeostatic control systems?

Receptor, control center, and effector.

What is negative feedback?

A mechanism where the resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus.

How does blood pH illustrate homeostasis?

Blood pH averages 7.4 but fluctuates between 7.35 and 7.45, indicating a range around a set point.

What is positive feedback?

A mechanism that reinforces a stimulus in the same direction until a climatic event occurs.

Explain the negative feedback mechanism related to glucose regulation.

Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin production, lowering blood glucose levels.

What is a gradient?

A difference in concentration, pressure, or charge that drives flow in the body.

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

Passive transport does not require energy, while active transport does.

What is the function of serous membranes?

To cover organs within body cavities and reduce friction between them.

What are the two main body cavities?

Dorsal and ventral cavities.

What is the role of the endocrine system in homeostasis?

It secretes hormones that help regulate various body functions.

What is the cell theory?

All cells come from existing cells, and all structure and function result from the activity of cells.

What is the scientific method?

A systematic approach involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and analysis.

What is an example of a self-amplifying physiological event?

The release of oxytocin during breastfeeding, which encourages more suckling.

What is the significance of understanding anatomical and physiological variation?

It helps in recognizing that there is no 'standard' body and variations can affect health.

What happens to a cell if it is damaged and dies?

It is replaced by new cells through processes like mitosis or stem cell differentiation.

How do gradients affect physiological processes?

They predict the direction of flow for matter and energy in the body.

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

To protect the body and regulate temperature.

What are the main organ systems in the human body?

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems.

What is the role of serous fluid?

To lubricate the space between visceral and parietal serous membranes.

What is the importance of the scientific process in medical science?

It allows for the development of reliable medical knowledge and understanding of health.

What is the impact of misfolded proteins in sickle cell disease?

They lead to misshapen red blood cells that cannot effectively bind oxygen.