Ch. 6 - Anatomy of Articulation and Resonation

Articulation

process of joining structures together for speech

Resonance

modification of the sound produced by the vocal folds as it travels through the vocal tract.

Structures of articulation and resonation

vocal tract: oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, and articulators

How many bones make up the skull?

22

Two regions of the skull

Cranial and Facial

Cranial skeleton

protects the brain

Facial skeleton

supports the face an articulatory structures

How many cranial bones are there

8

List the cranial bones

Frontal, parietal (paired), occipital, temporal (paired), ethmoid, sphenoid

What bones form the protective shell around the brain?

Cranial

Cranial bones also serve as

attachment points for muscles of articulation

How many facial bones are there?

14

What bones make up the facial region?

mandible, maxillae, nasal bones, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, vomer, lacrimal bones, inferior nasal conchae

Which bones are especially critical for articulation

mandible and maxilla

Facial bones help shape the

oral and nasal cavities, affecting resonance

The mandible is a

single bone forming the lower jaw

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) allows for

mobility (hinge and gliding)

Which bone houses the lower teeth and provides attachment for muscles of mastication and articulation?

the madible

2nd largest facial bone

the maxillae

The maxillae is

paired bones forming the upper jaw and anterior hard palate

Clefts usually occur when _________ is incomplete

maxillary fusion

Houses upper teeth and forms part of the nasal cavity and orbital floor

the maxillae

The nasal bones

form the bridge of the nose

The nasal cavity is divided by the

nasal septum

The nasal septum is formed by

vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Lateral walls of the nasal cavity include ______ that increase surface area for warming/humidifying air

inferior nasal conchae

Palatine bones form the

posterior portion of the hard palate and part of the nasal cavity

The horizontal plate of the palatine bones meets the

palatine process of the maxilla

What bone forms the lower part of the nasal septum?

vomer

Which structures separate the oral and nasal cavities, aiding in resonance and proper speech production?

the palatine bones and vomer

Zygomatic bones form the

cheekbones and part of the lateral orbital wall

Zygomatic arch is made up of

temporal process

What bones serve as attachment for muscles of facial expression and mastication?

trhe zygomatic and lacrimal bone

Lacrimal bones are

small and form part of the medial orbit near the tear ducts

Zygomatic bones and lacrimal bones are important for

facial structure and expression

The butterfly bone (located at the base of the skull)

the sphenoid bone

Which bone is a true keystone- articulating with all other cranial bones?

the sphenoid bone

The sphenoid bone contributes to the

orbit, nasal cavity, and cranial floor

The sphenoid bone contains the ____ which houses the pituitary gland

sella turcica

The sella turcica houses what gland?

the pituitary

Which bone serves as a site for muscle attachment, including muscles of mastication and the soft palate

the sphenoid bone

The hyoid bone

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue

Which bone does not articulate with any other bone?

the hyoid bone

The hyoid bone serves as the foundation for

tongue movement and laryngeal elevation

Which bone is important for swallowing and speech articulation

the hyoid bone

Inferior nasal conchae

paired bones located on the lateral nasal cavity walls

Which nasal conchae is seperate from the ethmoid bone?

Inferior

The inferior nasal conchae increases surface area for

air filtration, humidification, and temperature regulation

Which bone is essential for healthy respiration and nasal resonance?

the inferior nasal conchae

Cavities of the vocal tract

oral, buccal, nasal, pharyngeal

What cavity is most important for speech; houses major articulators?

oral

What cavity is the space between cheeks and teeth?

buccal

Which caity contributes to nasal resonance?

nasal

Which cavity connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophogus?

pharyngeal

Which cavity houses tongue, hard palate, velum (soft palate), uvula, and facial pillars?

oral

The oral cavity is bounded by

lips (anterior), cheeks (lateral), palate (superior), and tongue/floor (inferior)

Most articulatory movements occur in which cavity

oral

Changes in oral cavity shape alter

resonance and formant frequencies

The nasal cavity is bound by

maxilla, palatine bones, nasal bones, and vomer

The nasal cavity is lined with

mucosa and cilia for filtration and moisture

The septum, turbinates, and meatuses are included in the

nasal cavoty

Which cavity is important for nasal soun resonance and air preparation?

nasal

velum lowered → nasal cavity part of vocal tract

coupling

velum raised → nasal cavity closed off

decoupling

Coupling and decoupling requires

rapid, coordinated velar movement

How does cleft palate affect nasal resonance?

structural failure to close velopharyngeal port

How do enlarged tonsils/adenoids affect nasal resonance?

blockage leads to hyponasality

How does velar paresis/paralysis affect nasal resonance?

neuromoto deficits impact closure

Air escapes through the nose during pressure consonant sounds

nasal air emission

The pharyngeal cavity is divided into

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Which cavity connects nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx

pharyngeal

The _________ cavity makes up the muscular walls important

for resonance and deglutition

pharyngeal

The pharyngeal cavity plays a role in

velopharyngeal closure

This pharynx is a

tube from nasal cavity to larynx/esophagus

The pharyngeal muscles are divided into

superior, middle, and inferior constrictors

The pharyngeal muscles are active in

swallowing and resonance shaping

Superior constrictor forms

lateral and posterior walls of nasopharynx.

Middle constrictor arises from

hyoid bone; narrows oropharynx.

Inferior constrictor is the

thickest; and constricts laryngopharynx

In laymans terms the pharynx is the

throat

The articulators

lips, hard palate, soft palate (velum), cheeks, mandible, teeth, tongue

Which articulator shapes oral opening, assists in speech sounds like /p/, /b/, /m/?

lips

Which articulator is the bony roof of the mouth; important for sounds like /ʃ/, /ʒ/

hard palate

Which articulator elevates to close off nasal cavity during oral speech?

soft palate (velum)

Which articulator helps contain air and food; aid in oral pressure and resonance?

cheeks

Which articulator supports lower teeth and tongue; moves for speech and chewing?

mandible

Which articulator creates constriction for sounds like /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/?

teeth

Which articulator is th primary articulator; highly flexible and essential for most speech sounds?

tongue

Dentition

the development, arrangement, number, and type of teeth

Teeth are embedded in

alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible

Types of dentition (teeth)

central incisors, lateral incisors, cuspids (canines), bicuspids (premolars), molars

Function in mastication and shaping of speech sounds (e.g., /f/, /v/, /θ/)

dentition

Occlusion refers to

alignment of upper and lower teeth; malocclusion can impact speech

The structure of the tooth is made up by the

crown, root, neck, cementum, dentin, enamel

Crown

Visible part; projects above gums; 1/3 of tooth

Root

Embedded in alveolar process; 2/3 of tooth

Neck

junction between crown and root

Cementum

Thin bony layer that holds tooth in place

Dentin

Ivory core; bulk of tooth; surrounds nerve-

filled pulp