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15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

17th amendment

Direct election of senators

19th amendment

Women's suffrage

24th amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

26th amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

voting rights acts

increased opportunities to register and allowed attorney general to prevent state interference in the voting process

rational choice

what is perceived to be in the citizen's individual interest

retrospective

candidate/party in power reelected or not based on recent past actions

prospective

prediction of how candidate/party will perform in future

party line

voting for 1 political party

political efficacy

belief that by being active in politics you can make a change

linkage instituions

connect people to policy makers

parties, interest groups, elections, media

4 linkage institutions

watchdog

party monitors other party that is in power

electoral college

the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president

270/538

how many votes to win electoral college

interest group

people who share certain views on public matters, work to shape public policy to their benefit

incumbency advantage

benefits that current officeholders have over challengers in elections, making it easier for them to win reelection. This advantage stems from factors such as name recognition, established donor networks, and the ability to leverage their position to gain media attention and engage constituents

party conventions

large gatherings organized by political parties to nominate candidates for public office, particularly the presidency, and to establish the party platform. These events serve as a platform for party leaders, delegates, and supporters to rally behind their chosen candidates, unify the party, and outline their policies and goals for the upcoming election.

Demographics

The measurable characteristics of a population such as age, race, or income. Example: A campaign targets young voters because they use social media most.

Political efficacy

A person's belief that their political participation matters. Example: Someone votes because they feel their ballot influences government actions.

Motor Voter Act

A 1993 law requiring states to offer voter registration when people apply for driver's licenses. Example: A teen signs up to vote while getting their license.

Exit poll

A survey taken outside voting sites to learn how people voted. Example: Early predictions are made using interviews after voters leave a polling place.

Partisan

Strongly supporting one political party. Example: A lawmaker consistently votes with the same group on most bills.

Independents

Voters who do not align with a political party. Example: Someone chooses candidates from different groups each election.

Red states

States that consistently support conservative candidates. Example: A campaign spends little time in an area that reliably favors one side.

Blue states

States that consistently support liberal candidates. Example: A region is considered safe for one side, so the candidate focuses elsewhere.

Purple states

Competitive states where either party can win. Example: A candidate invests heavily in a Midwest swing region.

Caucus

Local party meetings where members discuss and choose candidates. Example: Community members meet in a cafeteria to publicly show their preferences.

Primary

An election where voters choose a party's nominee. Example: Voters cast ballots to decide who will represent each group in the general election.

Closed primary

A primary where only registered party members can participate. Example: Unaffiliated voters cannot vote in this election.

Open primary

type of primary election where voters are not required to be registered with a specific political party to participate in that party's primary. This system allows for greater voter participation and can lead to higher voter turnout, as individuals from various political affiliations can choose which party's primary to vote in, thereby increasing engagement in the electoral process.

Blanket primary

Type of primary election that allows voters to choose candidates from any party for each office, regardless of their own party affiliation. This system enables voters to have a greater say in the selection of candidates, as they can select their preferred candidates across different parties rather than being limited to those within their registered party.

Super-delegates

Party leaders who have a free vote at the national convention and aren't bound by primary results. Example: A party official supports any candidate regardless of state results.

Critical election

An election marking major, lasting changes in party loyalties. Example: A sudden long-term shift of rural voters reshapes national politics.

Dealignment

When voters move away from both major parties and become more independent. Example: Many people choose no party and vote candidate-by-candidate.

Realignment

When large groups of voters shift from one major party to another. Example: A new working-class coalition supports a different party for decades.

Divided government

When the presidency and Congress are controlled by different parties. Example: One party holds the White House while the other controls the Senate.

Third parties

Political groups outside the two main parties. Example: A smaller group runs a candidate focused on environmental issues.

Initiative

political process that allows citizens to propose legislation or constitutional amendments through gathering signatures on a petition. This mechanism empowers voters to take direct action and influence government policy, bypassing the traditional legislative process.

Referendum

A process where voters approve or reject laws passed by the legislature. Example: A tax law is put on the ballot for the public to vote "yes" or "no."

Reapportionment

Reassigning House seats among states every ten years based on population. Example: A fast-growing state gains an additional seat after the census.

Electoral College

System for electing the president; states get electors based on representation, and 270 of 538 are needed to win. Example: Narrowly winning a large state gives all of its electors.

Winner-take-all

System where the candidate with the most votes in a state receives all electoral votes. Example: A 1% win still gives the entire slate of electors.

Split-ticket voting

Selecting candidates from different parties on the same ballot. Example: A voter chooses one group's governor and the other group's congressional candidate.

Retrospective voting

Voting based on an incumbent's past performance. Example: A voter supports the current governor because the economy improved.

Selective perception

Interpreting information in a way that fits existing beliefs. Example: Two viewers think their preferred candidate won a debate.

Federal Election Campaign Act (1974)

Law creating campaign finance limits and the FEC to enforce rules. Example: Donors must follow contribution caps when funding campaigns.

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

2002 law limiting soft money and regulating election-season ads. Example: National parties can't receive unlimited funds for "party-building."

Soft money

political contributions that are made to political parties for purposes other than supporting a specific candidate, often used for party-building activities. These funds are typically not subject to the same regulations and limits as hard money, which is directly contributed to candidates' campaigns.

Lobbying

Attempting to influence government officials on policy decisions. Example: A representative for a business meets with lawmakers about a bill.

527s

These organizations can raise unlimited funds and can engage in political activities as long as their primary purpose is to advocate for or against candidates rather than directly coordinate with a candidate's campaign. TAX EXEMPT

Swiftboating

A harsh, often misleading attack on a candidate's character or record. Example: A political group releases dramatic ads casting doubt on a candidate's past service.

Polarization

When political parties become more ideologically divided with little compromise. Example: Legislators rarely cross party lines on major votes.

Candidate-centered campaign

A campaign focused on the individual rather than the party. Example: A congressional hopeful builds a strong personal brand and media image.

Political Action Committees (PACs)

Groups that raise and donate money to candidates within contribution limits. Example: A teachers' association funds a candidate who supports education policies.

Spin

Presenting information to make a candidate look better. Example: A staffer claims their candidate performed strongly in a debate even if mixed.

Spin doctor

A person who manages and shapes political messaging for a candidate. Example: A campaign aide talks to reporters to portray events positively.

new york times v united states

established the principle of prior restraint in relation to freedom of the press

citizens united v fec

corporate funding of independent political broadcasts can't be limited