Active recall - case studies

Human relationships + learning and cognition

Cultural dimensions (Hofestade)

Power distance/collectivism vs individualism

1) Berry Study (rice farmers/hunters - asch’s paradigm)

2) Parker et al. (2001) Major depressive disorder in australians and malaysians - somatic symptoms (etic approach)

Etic approach

Culture

1) Lawrence Kohlberg - 40+ american white boys, Heiz moral dilemma, used same framework on other collectivist cultures like Mexico and Turkey

2) Mary Ainsworth - 100+ babies, developed attachment styles, applied to japan → Imposed etic and ethnocentrism

Acculturation

4 stages, acculturative stress

1) Vuek and Wilson (2010)- Asian Americans - reasons for stress

2) Miranda and Matheny (2000) - Latino’s - strategies to reduce

Social Identity theory

Social categorization, identification and comparison (positive distinctiveness and out group homogeneity)

1) Levine et al. (2005) - manchester utd, 45, self report

2) Drury et al. (2009) - emergency simulation, london meteo

Football hooliganism

Conformity

1) Asch’s paradigm (uni students, all male)

2) Franzen and mader (2001) (Asch’s paradigm applied with financial incentive)

Generational conformity

Cognitive dissonance

1) Festinger (1954) - UFO cult

2) Tao and jin (2009) - post purchase dissonance

Compliance techniques

Self-perception theory, consistency

1) FITD Guegan et al. (2016)

2) Low balling Cialdini

3) Petrova et al. Collectivist vs individualistic (matched other parameters)

Classical conditioning

1) Pavlovs dogs

2) Little albert (1920)

Operant conditioning

ABC’s

1) Volpp et al. (2009)

2) Skinners rats

MSM

Atkinson and Shiffrin

1) Milner, HM (1953)

2) Glanzer and Cutnitz - serial position effect

WMM

CE, Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

1) Landrey and Bartley (2011) - Articulatory suppression

2) Warrington and Shallice, K.F. occipital lobe damage, separation of stores

Schema theory

Assimilate/Accommodate

1) Brewer and Treyens office

2) Bartlett’s ghost stories

SLT

A,R,R,M

Vicarious learning

Bobo doll experiment - Bandura ross and ross

Cognitive load theory

Intrinsic, extraneous, germane

1) Sana et al. (2013)

Dual processing theory

Heuristics

1) Wason selection task

2) Griggs and cox

Cognitive bias

1) Wason (1968) - Confirmation bias

2) Strack and Mussweiler - anchoring bias

Localization of function

Hippocampus → memory consolidation into long term

1) HM - declarative and explicit memory not procedural

Nuerotransmittors

Process of neurotransmission

1) Anatova et al. (2011) Acetylcholine - scopolamine (fMRI) memory consolidation in hippocampus

2) Fisher et al. (2005) Dopamine relation to romantic love (VTA is for sending signals for reward, Nucleus Accumbens for receiving signals) FMRI

Environmental effects

1) Wegner et al - transactive memory, social networks

2) Sparrow et al. (2011) Google effect, less effort to encode

Digital amnesia, attention span and shallow processing

Memory: culture

Kearins (1981) - 20 objects, australian/indigenous

Improving memory

1) Sandberg et al. (2021) - MOL in smartphones

2) Price et al. (2025) Spaced repetition , 26000 doctors

Memory: technology (HL)

1) Mueller and Oppenheimer - UCLA undergrads, laptop vs handwriters

Memory: mindset and motivation (HL)

Growth (intrinsic) vs fixed (extrinsic)

Li and bates (2019): no correlation between two, mindset and GPA/competence

Self determination theory (HL)

Competence, Autonomy, Relatedness

1) Silva et al (2011) exercise programs for obese woman (western)

Memory: bilingualism (HL)

Attention switching/higher working memory/complex linguistic systems

1) Bialystok et al. (2004) Simon effect → respond quicker to information on same side