BIPN 103 CNS I

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

• sensory info: smell, touch, sight, taste, sound (CNS for processing)

• information processing (sends signal to peripheral for an affect)

• motor output (effectors)

central nervous system (CNS)

• afferent signals (to CNS); travel to CNS

• information processing

• efferent (exit CNS); travel away from CNS

• crosses both ways with PNS

• CENTRAL COMMAND, RECEIVING AND SENDING INFO

sensory division

sensory signals that start in skin, visceral organs

• toward CNS only

• afferent

motor division

from CNS out

• efferent

somatic division

voluntary muscle control

• sends signals for movement

• FROM MOTOR DIVISION (EFFERENT)

autonomic division

cannot control

• FROM MOTOR DIVISION (EFFERENT)

sympathetic nervous system

• stress

• increase heart rate

• FROM AUTONOMIC DIVISION

parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

• decrease heart rate during relaxing times

• increase digestion

• FROM AUTONOMIC DIVISION

glial

glue cell

• support cells

• glue that connects nervous system together to work

astrocyte

• abundant glial cell

• regulate neurotransmitter levels (process, re uptake levels)

• regulate flow and permeability of capillaries (how much material exchange)

microglial cell

a certain microbe (smallest of glial cells)

• monitor health of neurons (connect with neurons

• convert to phagocytes, macrophages of CNS

  • consume dangerous material

• combat pathogens that enter CNS

ependymal cells

ciliated simple cubodial

• line central cavity CNS

• ciliated: help circulate CSF

  • spinal fluid flows in cavity

• IN CNS

oligodendrocytes

wrap cell processes around axons (neuronal axons)

• create myelin sheath, insulating and supporting neurons

  • fatty semi continuous structure; speed up signal transmission

• 1 cell can wrap multiple axons

• in CNS

satellite cells

• analogous to astrocytes

• surround cell bodies at ganglia (cell body outside CNS)

• support, protect neurons

• in PNS

schwann cells

• analogous to obligodendrocytes (make myelin sheath)

• one cell —> one axon

• in PNS

neurons organized

• large bundles organized into nerves; individual neurons

• packed neurons into a fascicle

• connective tissue layer surrounds = own blood supply

cerebrum

process info, gives personality; takes up 83% of the brain

• folds help increase surface area (pack more neurons; process more info)

rostral

closer to nose

frontal lobe

central to lateral sulcus

pre central gyrus

anterior to center sulcus

central sulcus

• runs from medial to lateral across both halves of entire brain

• forms part of the separation between frontal and parietal lobe

post central gyrus

behind central sulcus

parietal lobe

parietal bones located

parieto-occipital sulcus

superior border of the occipital region and inferior border of parietal region

lateral sulcus

runs along lateral part of brain

occipital lobe

deep in occipital bone

caudal

closer to tail

temporal lobe

temporal region

gyrus (ridge)

elevated ridges

sulcus

separates

transverse fissure

deep sulcus

longitudinal fissure

runs all along the brain

• left and right brain (hemisphere)

cerebral cortex

• composed of gray matter

• outer, less deep structure of organ/tissue

• gray matter = cell bodies

white matter

contains mainly myelinated axon

basal ganglia

• composed of gray matter

• pocket of cell bodies

cell body

• gray matter

• periphery end of cerebrum

myelinated axon

• white matter

• fatty myelination around axon

intracerebral communication

• association fibers: within hemisphere (1 hemisphere, parts from hemisphere)

• commissural: fibers between hemispheres (left/right)

• projection fibers: into and out of cerebrum (brain to other parts of brain or body)

descussation

• projection fibers cross to contralateral side

• left brain controls right body

cerebral cortex

• home of our conscious mind

  • be aware of ourselves and our sensations

  • initiate and control voluntary movements

  • communicate, remember, understand

  • shape our personality

• composed of gray matter

simple movement

move, sense movement

complex movement

plan, coordinate complex movement

motor

directly control voluntary movement

• primary motor cortex (doer)

• premotor association cortex (planner)

  • before you get signal to move —> sent to motor cortex

sensory

conscious awareness of stimuli

• primary somatosensory cortex (send info to association)

• detect internal/external stimuli

association

process info from different brain regions to support higher cognitive functions such as planning, memory, and interpretation

• integrating center

• planning area, plan complex movement/sensory stimuli

• associate stimulus to specific task

somatotopy

parts of body are mapped to parts of cerebral cortex

precentral gyrus

in front (anterior) of central sulcus

• region where cerebral cortex is involved in movement or motor control

postcentral gyrus

behind (posterior) central sulcus

lesion

• depends on location of lesion

• loss of voluntary control of hand (closer to motor)

  • paralysis, weakness (no voluntary movement)

• loss of planned skill (farther from motor)

  • might move voluntarily but no complex movement

broca’s area

produce speech, talking

• unilateral

• speech motor area

wernicke’s area

• understanding language

• written and spoken

primary visual cortex

deep in occipital bone

prefrontal cortex

• working memory for spatial tasks (keep track)

• decision making

• object recall

• complex, multitask problem solving

• personality

diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

thalamus

inner room; central structure surrounded by lobes

• relay center for a variety of incoming signals (afferent sensory)

  • all sensory (besides smell) passes through thalamus before entering cortex

• nuclei organize, turn up, or turn down signals (filter for some info)

• sensory info transfers before reaching cerebral

• surrounded by cerebral hemispheres

• process sensory into moto info to get to its destination

hypothalamus

produce hormones that enter blood stream, travel down to anterior pituitary to stimulate their own hormones (control basale autonomic functions)

• basement; below thalamus

• master regulator

• control autonomic concepts

  • hunger, temperature, production of hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin)

• regulating reproduction

autonomic (hypothalamus)

• blood pressure

• heart rate

• stroke pressure

• pupil diameter

physical response to emotions (hypothalamus)

• part of limbic system

• nuclei perceive pleasure, fear, rage

• sex drive

regulator (hypothalamus)

• body’s thermostat

• food intake

• osmolarity, thirst

• sleep-wake cycle

• endocrine function

epithalamus

closer to dorsal side

• pineal gland: secrete melatonin (sleep-wake cycle)

corpus callosum

connection using commissural fibers to connect left and right

nuclei

gray matter, short unmyelinated neurons

• contain cell bodies of neurons