Biology week 5

Cells & Macromolecules

Unified Cell Theory

1. all living things are made up of 1 or more cells

2. a new cell always come from a cell that already existed

3. cell is a basic unit of life

4 major molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

Lipids

glycerol + fatty acid

Protein

made up of amino acids

Does the order of amino acids matter

YES, the order determines the SHAPE and FUNCTION of a protein

ex. sickle cell disease

Carbohydrates

made up of monosaccharides (1 sugar molecule)

Nucleic acid

made up of nucleotides

Nucleotide

5 carbon sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

building block of DNA and RNA

DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid

cells long term storage of genetic information

double stranded

RNA = ribonucleic acid

helps carry and use genetic information to make proteins

single stranded

Peptide Bond

the bond that connects two amino acids together.

It forms through dehydration synthesis.

Primary structure

exact order of amino acids

Secondary structure

when parts of the proteins backbone folds into a shape

ex. alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

Tertiary structure

the 3D shape of one polypeptide

Quaternary structure

when multiple polypetptide chains come together

Denaturation

loses its normal shape once something disturbs its environments

ex. heat, extreme ph, certain chemicals

destroys the secondary and tertiary structure but keeps primary peptide intact

Thymine (T)

DNA using A,T,G,C

Uracil (U)

RNA,

A, U,G and C

Pyrimidines

1 ring, smaller

C,T,U

c = cytosine

t = thymine(dna)

u = uracil (rna)

purines

2 rings, bigger

A,G (“pure as gold”)

a = adenine

g = guanine

Transcription

DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to Proteins

ATP

the cell’s main energy currency

PROkayryotic

cell that has NO nucleus

ex. bacteria

EUkaryotic

cells has nucleus

ex. animals & plant cells

Organelle

specialized structure inside a cell that preforms a particular job

Nucleus

Contains the cells DNA and is surrounded by double membrane

Mitochondria

where the cell produces ATP

chloroplasts

Found in plant cells and gets energy from sunlight

has its own DNA, Ribosome, Double membrane

endosymbiotic theory.

mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free living prokaryotic cells