bone tissue test

what is the top and bottom of the bone end called

proximal and distal epiphysis

what is the inside, soft bone called

spongy bone

what are the dots called in the spongy bone

red marrow

what is the middle/bone shaft of the bone called

diaphysis

what is the stronger outside of the bone called

compact bone

what is the yellow in the middle of bone

yellow marrow

what is the bottom tissue called in the bone

articular cavity

what is the scientific name for the bone shaft & bone end

bone shaft: Diaphysis

bone end: Epiphysis

what is the purpose of the articular cavity

covers ends of epiphysis, allows for smooth movements (reduces friction, cushions ends of bones)

what is the top and bottom layer of a flat bone

periosteum

what is the next layer of the flat bone

compact bone

what is the middle soft layer of a flat bone

spongy bone

what are the circle bunches called in the middle of a flat bone

trabeculae

What are the 4 classifications of bone according to shape?

1) Long bones- longer than they are wide (support/mobility)

2) Short bones- wide as they are long (roughly cubed-shaped)

3) Flat bones- thin, broad bones often curved (protection)

4) Irregular bones- have complex shapes

what bone shape would a vertebrae be

irregular

what bone shape would carpals be

short

what bone shape would phalanges be

long

what bone shape would a patella be

short

what bone shape would skull bones be

flat

what bone shape would your lower jaw (mandible) be

irregular

what bone shape would your ribs be

flat

what are the 8 bone structures

• Lacunae

• Osteocyte

• Osteoblasts

• Osteoclasts

• Canaliculi

• Inorganic salts

• Endosteum

• Periosteum

What is the function of the Lacunae

small spaces in the bone that contains osteocytes

what is the function of the Osteocyte

mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue

what is function of Osteoblasts

bone cell that builds new bones

what is the function of Osteoclasts

bone cell that breaks down/removes old bones

what is the function of the Canaliculi

tiny channels that connect lacunea & allow nutrients & waste to move between bone cells

what is the function of Inorganic salts

minerals, mainly calcium & phosphate, that make bones hard and strong

What is the function of Endosteum

A thin membrane lining the inside surfaces of bones; it helps with bone growth, repair, and remodeling

what is the function of the periosteum

tough membrane covering the outside of bones, contains blood vessels & nerves, helps with bone growth and repair

what are the 8 fracture types

• compound

• simple

• comminuted

• spiral

• greenstick

• fissured

• oblique

• compression

define a compound fracture

complete break in bone where bone ends separate & break through skin. High chance of wound/bone infection

what is a simple fracture

bone breaks, but not sticking out of skin

• incomplete- bone is still partially together

• complete- bone is in a lot of pieces

what is a comminuted fracture

bones are broken into complete fragments, caused by fall/other injures (usually in elder people)

what is a spiral fracture

violent bone twisting, caused by sport injures or abusive situations

what is a greenstick fracture

simple, incomplete break, “buckle fracture”, extreme bending (common in kids)

what is a fissured fracture

“hair line fractures”, incomplete & simple, longitudinal break

what is a oblique fracture

complete, angle other than right angle (diagonally)

what is a compression fracture

bone is crushed/pressed together, often in vertebrae

what are the 4 steps in fracture repair

1) hematoma formation- blood vessels break, causing blood to collect around the fracture & form a clot

2) cartilaginous callus formation- soft tissue & cartilage form around the break to connect the broken bone ends

3) Bony callus formation- spongy bone replaces the soft callus, making the repair stronger

4) bone remodeling- bone is reshaped & strengthened until it returns closer to its original shape

what role do phagocytes play in fracture repair

phagocytes role is to remove debris, dead cells, and damaged tissue from the fracture area so the bone can heal

what is osteoporosis

a disorder that makes bones weak and more likely to break

what is the cause of osteoporosis

bone is lost faster then the body can replace it, this can happen with aging, hormonal changes, not enough calcium/vitamin D, low exercise, and low estrogen

what are some things you can do to prevent osteoporosis

nutrition & sunlight- so you get calcium and vitamin D

exercise regularly- like taking walks

avoid smoking!

what are the functions of bones

• protection- protects underline organs

• storage- calcium/phosphorus

• support- weight/muscle attachment

• movement- muscles pull on bones to cause movement

• blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)- red blood cells

• provides shape- what we look like

what does red marrow produce and where is it located

produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (epiphysis)

location: spongy bone

what is the function of yellow marrow and where is its location

stores fat, serves as an energy, reserve for body

location: medullary cavity

The extracellular matrix of bone contains many protein fibers. Most of these protein fibers are __________ fibers and they give the bone________________? (the ability to bend slightly) 

Collagen, flexibility/resilience

What is osteogenesis? What is another name for osteogenesis?

Osteogenesis is the process of forming new bone

another name: Ossification

List 3 reasons when/why osteogenesis occurs.

• during growth (pregnancy)

• after a fracture (to repair)

• throughout life (replace old bone tissue with new)

What is hypercalcemia?

when there is too much calcium in the blood

What health issues may arise as a result of hypercalcemia? 

kidney stones, weak bones, constipation and abnormal heart rhythms

explain what happen during bone lab with bleach & vinegar bones