Bio Lab Final

Opisthokonta includes which groups?

Fungi, animals, choanoflagellates, nucleariids

Opisthokonta: what type of group?

Monophyletic (one common ancestor + all descendants)

Closest living relatives of animals

Choanoflagellates

Cell type found in BOTH choanoflagellates and sponges

Choanocyte (collar cell)

Choanocyte structure

One flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli

Fungi nutrition type

Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside the body, then absorb it)

Fruiting body

Reproductive structure of a fungus; produces spores

Hyphae

Thread-like filaments that make up the fungal body (mostly underground)

Mycelium

ALL the hyphae of a fungus together (the whole underground network)

Mucoromycota: spore-producing structure

Zygosporangium (plural: zygosporangia)

Mucoromycota: sexual spores

Zygospores

Ascomycota: spore-producing structure

Ascus (plural: asci)

Ascomycota: spores

Ascospores

Basidiomycota: spore-producing structure

Basidium (plural: basidia)

Basidiomycota: sexual spores

Basidiospores

Example of Mucoromycota

Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold)

Example of Basidiomycota

Mushroom, Coprinus sp.

Rhizopus: structure that holds the asexual spores

Sporangium

Rhizopus: stalk that holds up the sporangium

Sporangiophore

Rhizopus: horizontal hypha that runs along the surface

Stolon

Rhizopus: root-like hyphae that anchor and absorb

Rhizoids

Basidiocarp

The fruiting body of Basidiomycota (the mushroom you see)

Where are basidia (and spores) found on a mushroom?

On the gills

Mushroom ring on the stalk

Annulus

Mycorrhizae: what kind of symbiosis?

Mutualism between a fungus and plant roots (roots look covered in white fungus)

Mycorrhizae: what the plant gets

Better absorption of water and minerals from the fungus

Mycorrhizae: what the fungus gets

Sugars from the plant

Lichen is made of

A fungus + cyanobacteria or green algae (symbiosis)

Lichen: top fungal layer

Cortex

Lichen: layer that contains the algae

Algal layer

Lichen: bottom fungal layer

Medulla

Lichen layer order (top to bottom)

Cortex, algal layer, medulla

Crustose lichen

Flat and crust-like, stuck tight to the surface (like paint)

Foliose lichen

Leafy; flat lobes (foli = leaf)

Fruticose lichen

Shrubby and branching, sticks up or hangs down

Animalia (Metazoa) characteristics

Multicellular, heterotrophic, NO cell walls

Is Metazoa monophyletic?

Yes

Parazoa

Animals with NO true tissues

Only phylum in Parazoa

Porifera (sponges)

Porifera means

"Pore bearing"

Eumetazoa

Animals WITH true tissues

True tissue

Stable group of cells with similar structure and function

Sponge symmetry

Asymmetrical

Sponge cell that moves water (collar cell)

Choanocyte

Sponge amoebocytes

Digest and distribute food

Sponge spicules

Give structure and support

Sponges are classified by

Composition of their spicules

Three types of sponge spicules

Calcareous, siliceous, spongin

Three sponge body types

Asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid

Asconoid sponge

Simplest: small, tube-shaped

Syconoid sponge

Larger tube; ONE osculum; thick walls

Leuconoid sponge

Largest and most complex; MANY oscula; often colonial

Osculum

Large opening where water EXITS the sponge

Dermal pores

Tiny openings where water ENTERS the sponge

Sponges evolved from

A choanoflagellate-like ancestor

Cnidaria symmetry

Radial

Ctenophora symmetry

Biradial (rotational)

Bilateria symmetry

Bilateral

Germ layers in Cnidaria and Ctenophora

Two: ectoderm and endoderm

Mesoglea

Gelatinous layer between ectoderm and endoderm

Gastrovascular cavity

Digestive sac with one opening; allows extracellular digestion

Nerve net

Interconnected neurons with no brain

Nematocysts

Stinging cells of Cnidaria

Two body forms of Cnidaria

Polyp and medusa

Polyp vs medusa

Polyp = tube, attached, mouth up. Medusa = bell, free-swimming

Hydrozoa life cycle

Mostly polyp; short-lived medusa used only for sexual reproduction

Hydrozoa examples

Hydra, Obelia, Physalia

Anthozoa members

Sea anemones and corals

Anthozoa body form

Polyp only (generally no medusa)

Scyphozoa body form

Large dominant medusa; polyp is a reduced larval stage

Scyphozoa examples

Cassiopeia (upside-down jellyfish), moon jelly

Cassiopeia sp. is also called

Upside-down jellyfish

Zooxanthellae

Photosynthetic dinoflagellates that live inside corals (mutualism)

What hard corals secrete

Calcium carbonate skeletons (build coral reefs)

Ctenophora common name

Comb jellies

Ctenophora defining feature

Rows of cilia called combs (ctens)

Do ctenophores have nematocysts?

No

Statocyst

Balance organ of comb jellies

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit

Commensalism

One benefits, the other is unaffected

Parasitism

One benefits, the other is harmed (but not consumed)

Competition

Species use the same limited resource

Anemone and clownfish

Example of symbiosis

Native species

Present due to natural evolution, not human introduction

Endemic species

Found in only ONE location (example: Florida Scrub Jay)

Non-native (introduced) species

Moved to a new place by humans

Invasive species

Non-native species that harms its new environment (example: Burmese python in Florida)

Keystone species

Effect on the ecosystem is far larger than its abundance (example: sea otter)

Protostome means

"First mouth"

Deuterostome means

"Second mouth"

Blastopore

First indentation in the developing embryo; opening of the archenteron

Blastopore in protostomes

Becomes the MOUTH

Blastopore in deuterostomes

Becomes the ANUS

Order of early development

Fertilized egg, blastula, gastrula

Blastula

Hollow ball of cells

Blastocoel

Fluid-filled cavity inside the blastula

Gastrula

Stage where cells pinch inward to form the archenteron

Archenteron

Primitive gut tube; becomes the digestive tract

Gastrula: outer germ layer

Ectoderm

Gastrula: inner germ layer

Endoderm