East Asian History GR 2

smoking opium

produced in India, banned in China but not enforced; drained China’s silver

Opium War

1839-1842, started after Lin Zexu destroyed opium in Canton; GB victorious by marauding Chinese coast

Lin Zexu

crackdown on opium in Canton

Treaty of Nanjing

19 Aug 1842, end of First Opium War

extraterritoriality

given to GB as part of Treaty of Nanjing

Arrow War

2nd Opium War, 1856-1860

the Arrow

GB ship, seized by Qing

Treaty of Tianjin

1858, supposed to be end of 2nd Opium War, not ratified by Qing

Beijing Convention

1860, allows for Europeans to have officials in Beijing

Hakka

minority group oppressed by Qing

Taiping Rebellion

1850-1864, cost 20 million lives

Hong Xiuquan

leader of Taiping Rebellion

Heavenly Kingdom

Taiping Rebellion kingdom, est 1851, successful in battles against Qing

Capture of Nanjing

1853, made new capital of Heavenly Kingdom

Zeng Guofan

general who waged war of attrition against Taiping Rebellion

Hunan Army

self-sustaining army, raised by Zeng Guofan against Taiping Rebellion

Ever-Victorious Army

Qing army bankrolled by Westerners to keep Qing in power against Taiping Rebellion

Nian Rebellion

1852-1869, no ideology, just anti-government

Tongzhi Restoration

imperial restoration based in historical precedent (West to East Han), but did not consider industrialization

Zongli Yamen

limited Western learning, foreign policy

Chinese Maritime Customs Service

Westerners who handled imports/exports

Zhang Zhidong

self-strengthening campaign

Self-strengthening

more reform (incl. STEM, industrialization, military purchases), but through a conservative, cherry-picked approach

Sino-French War

1884-1885, Qing loses Vietnam to France

1st Sino-Japanese War

1894-1895, Qing loss to an Asian power

Guangxu

Qing emperor during Phase 3 of reforms

Kang Youwei

Qing official who pushed Phase 3 reforms

Hundred Days of Reform

1898, every day, a new reform edict

Empress Dowager Cixi

conservative empress dowager, regent over Guangxu

Yuan Shikai (1st appearance)

helped Cixi launch palace coup against Guangxu

Scramble for Concessions

1897-1899, intense imperialist rivalry in China

Spheres of influence

European powers leasing Qing territories for long periods

Open Door

1899, US proposes the imperial powers share power in China to avoid conflict

Society of Harmonious Fists

the Boxers, started with hatred of Germans in Shandong and poverty in northern China

Boxer Rebellion

outbreak in May 1898, initially against Qing; eventually becomes anti-foreign movement that the Qing sides with against foreign powers

Shishi

“men of action,” young and bored samurai who become terrorists/assassins

Shinpan

considered the most loyal group of daimyo

Tozama

the daimyo considered least loyal the shogunate, rose during Shinpan infighting

Satsuma and Choshu

Tozama domains

Dutch Studies

intellectual movement that served as reminder to the Tokugawa about how far ahead industrialized countries were

National Studies

intellectual movement where Japanese scholars looked back in history and “rediscovered” the emperor, raising questions about shogun legitimacy

Rezanov

Russian who led a failed diplomatic mission to Japan to open trade

Matthew Perry

American Commodore who opened Japan in 1854

Treaty of Kanagawa

March 1854, end of Japan’s national seclusion

“Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians”

imperial movement, military reforms in Satsuma and Choshu

Tokugawa surrender

November 1867, Tokugawa are promised lands and role in national politics

Boshin War

1867-1869, promises to Tokugawa are walked back after imperial restoration; Tokugawa resumes conflict, but now seen as rebels; imperial victory, Edo becomes Tokyo

Oath of 1868

April 1868, 5 articles that set the guiding political goals of the Meiji Restoration, signaling the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the start of Japan's modernization

Genro

the post-daimyo oligarchy, mostly lower level samurai

“Rich Country, Strong Army”

fiscal reform, conscription, compulsory education

Moral training and state Shinto

part of compulsory education, designed to teach nationalism and reverence toward emperor

Satsuma Rebellion

1877, led by Saigo Takamori

Popular Rights Movement

1870s and 1880s, demanded constitutional government, an elected national assembly, and expanded civil liberties

Ito Hirobumi

studied Western government systems, settled on German constitution

Meiji Constitution

1889, established: sovereignty with emperor (not of the people), cabinet system, no civilian control of military, bicameral legislature (the Diet)

The Diet

established in Meiji Constitution, a bicameral Legislature with an Upper House (aristocrats) and Lower House (elected body)

Power of the purse

only significant power of the Lower House, to reject proposed government budgets

Zaibatsu

major family-owned companies, the engine of private industry in Japan, worked closely with imperial government

Conquer Korea Argument

Korea seen as “dagger pointed at heart of Japan,” but genro disagreed on when to invade

Treaty of Kanghwa

1876, Japanese gunboat diplomacy for unequal treaty; initially no Qing interference despite subversion of tributary system

Taiwan Expedition

1874, Japan annexes Ryuku Islands and attacks Taiwan

Tonghak Rebellion

1894, Korea asked for troops and China sent them; Japan used this as excuse to send troops, 1st Sino-Japanese War began

Treaty of Shimonoseki

1895, China gives up Liaodong Peninsula and Taiwan

Trans-Siberian Railway

built to link Russian Empire to the Pacific

Chinese Eastern Railway

part of the Trans-Siberian Railway, cuts through Manchuria

Triple Intervention

3 European powers suggest Japan give up land that they won in war vs. China

Port Arthur

Russia’s “leasehold” after Triple Intervention, while Japan kept Taiwan

Yamagata Aritomo

“father of the Japanese army,” went with Ito Hirobumi to negotiate with Russia, but they didn’t get anywhere

Anglo-Japanese Alliance

1902, core purpose was to curb Russian expansion in East Asia

Russo-Japanese War

1904-1905, involved blockade and siege of Port Arthur, Battle of Mukden, and Battle of Tsushima

Seige of Port Arthur

began on 8 February 1904, when Japanese torpedo boats sunk multiple Russian battleships; besieged Port Arthur until January 1905, when the Pacific Fleet surrendered to Japan

Battle of Mukden

March 1905, Japan wins massive land battle but allows Russian army to flee; stalemate on land

Battle of Tsushima

27 May 1905; after being ordered to relieve Port Arthur, the Russian Baltic Fleet sailed around Africa; Admiral Togo “crossed the T” at the Tsushima Strait, wiping out the Russian fleet

Treaty of Portsmouth

5 September 1905, Russia gave up Korea and southern half of Manchuria; Japanese people were not satisfied, riots broke out

King Gojong

took over Korea as a child, controlled by his father, the regent

Choe Jeu

a yangban who started the Donghak movement

Donghak

movement that advocated for equality of all people, “eastern learning,” and attracted many peasants; crushed by government

Daewongun

father of King Gojong, implemented conservative reforms (upheld tributary status under China, isolationism)

General Sherman Incident

1866, private American ship destroyed while sailing into Korea, sparked US and French punitive expeditions

Donghak Rebellion

sparked 1st Sino-Japanese War, resulted in China being driven out of Korea

Gabo Reforms

a series of sweeping political, social, and economic modernizing reforms under King Gojong; Joseon court starts to orient towards Russia

Queen Min

assassinated by the Japanese; her death solidified Japan’s domination of Korea

Residency General

a Japanese colonial administrative post that oversaw Korea after the Russo-Japanese War, when Japan formally annexed Korea

Taisho

the emperor after Meiji, had poor health and was largely out of the public eye

Imperial Diet

led to founding of political parties and their ascent; as the genro aged out, politicians became more powerful

Taisho Political Crisis

1912, the parties held a vote of no confidence in a prime minister trained and chosen by the genro

Taisho Democracy

democratizing, not a full democracy; end of the genro

Hara Kei

head of majority party of the Lower House, was picked as prime minister

Universal manhood suffrage

1925, all males over 25 can vote

Peace Preservation Law

1925, law enforcement could do whatever they wanted in the process of suppressing ideas, mainly communism

Woodrow Wilson

had an idealism that Japan bought into

Versailles Treaty, racial equality clause

US racism against Asians combined with GB’s concerns shot down the clause proposed by Japan

League of Nations

joined by Japan after World War I

Washington Naval Conference

1922, limits placed on naval growth but especially on Japan; seen by many Japanese as a humiliation

Nine-Power Pact

upheld open door policy in China; Japan began peaceful relations with China

Empress Dowager Cixi’s death

1908, Qing were left headless after the emperor died hours earlier; Puyi placed on throne at 2 years old

Sun Yat-sen

involved in the 1911 Revolution; Western-educated, anti-Manchu, created Three Principles of the People

Three Principles of the People

ideas of Sun Yat-sen: democracy, nationalism, people’s livelihood (essentially socialism)

October 10 Incident

1911, military mutiny broke out in conflict of provincial vs. imperial power; provincial defections led to Qing collapse

Yuan Shikai (2nd appearance)

overthrew Sun Yat-sen’s republican government, appointed provincial military governors, and declared himself emperor, but died shortly after in 1916; China descended into Warlord Era