Lectures 1 and 2 - Anat First Test

superior and inferior

top and bottom

superficial and deep

close and deep

medial and lateral

towards middle and away

proximal and distal

close to attachment and far from attatchment

anterior and posterior

front and back

9 regions

hector loves isabel every unceasing hour

microvilli

folds of plasma membrame, increase cell area

tight junctions

impermeable tissue

desmosomes

distributed tension from protein connections

gap junctions

channels between cells, cardiac

hypertonic

more solution, cell shrinks, crenate

hypotonic

less solution, cell swells, lysis

simple diffusion

small nonpolar molecules pass through physpholipid bilayer

facilitated diffusion

requires an ion channel

osmosis

water

solute pumping (active)

use carrier molecule to move against gradient

sodium - potassium pump

3 sodium out, 2 potassium in (needs ATP)

mitocondria

ATP production

ribosomes

protien synthesis

rough ER

modifies, folds and packages proteins

golgi apparatus

receives proteins from RER then exports them

smooth ER

lipid metabolism, detoxification

lysosomes

sacs of digestive enzymes, destroy pathogens (suicide sacs)

peroxisomes

sacs of oxidase enzymes to neutralize toxins

centrioles

organize mitotic spindle, form cilia and flagella

microtubules

forms mitotic spindle, maintains cell shape

intermediate filaments

provides tensile strength

microfilaments

cell movement, muscle contraction

early prophase

chromatin supercoils to form chromosome, centrioles start to move to opposite ends of cell

late prophase

kinetochore microtubules attach to sister chromatids

metaphase

chromosomes are on equator

anaphase

centromeres split and sisters are pulled to opposite ends, kinetochore microtubules recoil

telophase

identical chromosomes are on opposite ends, nuclear membrane reforms around the identical chromosomes, mitotic spindle breaks down