DIVINA COMEDIA (INFERNO)

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Dante Alighieri

• Philosopher, Poet, Scholar (c. 1265–c. 1321)

• Poet, writer, political thinker.

• _____ was a Medieval Italian poet and philosopher whose poetic trilogy, The Divine Comedy, made an indelible impression on both literature and theology.

• Dante Alighieri was born in 1265 to a family with a history of involvement in the complex Florentine political scene, and this setting would become a feature in his Inferno years later.

  • Florentine  because he came from Florence, Italy

  • He is from a family of politicians, an inspiration ot Inferno

• Dante’s mother died only a few years after his birth, and when Dante was around 12 years old, it was arranged that he would marry Gemma Donati, the daughter of a family friend.

• Around 1285, the pair married, but Dante was in love with another woman—Beatrice Portinari, who would be a huge influence on Dante and whose character would form the backbone of Dante’s Divine Comedy

  • Beatrice is one of the main characters in his Divine Comedy, particularly in Paradiso (Paradise).

literature and theology

Dante was a Medieval Italian poet and philosopher whose poetic trilogy The Divine Comedy, made an indelible impression on both ______ and ______.

1265

• Dante Alighieri was born in __ to a family with a history of involvement in the complex Florentine political scene, and this setting would become a feature in his Inferno years later.

complex Florentine political

• Dante Alighieri was born in 1265 to a family with a history of involvement in the ___________________scene, and this setting would become a feature in his Inferno years later.

12

• Dante’s mother died only a few years after his birth, and when Dante was around __years old, it was arranged that he would marry Gemma Donati, the daughter of a family friend.

Gemma Donati

• When Dante was around 12 years old, it was arranged that he would marry __________, the daughter of a family friend.

1285

• Around ___, the Dante and Gemma married, but Dante was in love with another woman—Beatrice Portinari, who would be a huge influence on Dante and whose character would form the backbone of Dante’s Divine Comedy

Beatrice Portinari

• Around 1285, the pair married, but Dante was in love with another woman—______________, who would be a huge influence on Dante and whose character would form the backbone of Dante’s Divine Comedy

Beatrice

• Dante met _______ when she was but nine years old, and he had apparently experienced love at first sight.

• The pair were acquainted for years, but Dante’s love for _______ was “courtly” (which could be called an expression of love and admiration, usually from afar) and unrequited.

  • His love turned out to be courtly, a love of admiration from afar because it was an unrequited love. 

• _______ died unexpectedly in 1290, and five years later Dante published Vita Nuova (The New Life), which details his tragic love for Beatrice. (Beyond being Dante’s first book of verse, The New Life is notable in that it was written in Italian, whereas most other works of the time appeared in Latin.)

nine

• Dante met Beatrice when she was but ____ years old, and he had apparently experienced love at first sight.

courtly

The pair were acquainted for years, but Dante’s love for Beatrice was “_____” (which could be called an expression of love and admiration, usually from afar) and unrequited.

unrequited

The pair were acquainted for years, but Dante’s love for Beatrice was “courtly” (which could be called an expression of love and admiration, usually from afar) and _______.

1290

Beatrice died unexpectedly in ____, and five years later Dante published Vita Nuova (The New Life), which details his tragic love for Beatrice. (Beyond being Dante’s first book of verse, The New Life is notable in that it was written in Italian, whereas most other works of the time appeared in Latin.)

five

Beatrice died unexpectedly in 1290, and ___ years later Dante published Vita Nuova (The New Life), which details his tragic love for Beatrice. (Beyond being Dante’s first book of verse, The New Life is notable in that it was written in Italian, whereas most other works of the time appeared in Latin.)

Vita Nuova (The New Life)

Five years later Dante published _______ (__________), which details his tragic love for Beatrice. (Beyond being Dante’s first book of verse, ____________ is notable in that it was written in Italian, whereas most other works of the time appeared in Latin.)

Italian

Beatrice died unexpectedly in 1290, and five years later Dante published Vita Nuova (The New Life), which details his tragic love for Beatrice. (Beyond being Dante’s first book of verse, The New Life is notable in that it was written in ____, whereas most other works of the time appeared in Latin.)

Dante’s Exile

• Around the time of Beatrice’s death, Dante began to immerse himself in the study of philosophy and the machinations of the Florentine political scene. Florence was then was a tumultuous city, with factions representing the papacy and the empire continually at odds, and Dante held a number of important public posts.

• In 1302, however, he fell out of favor and was exiled for life by the leaders of the Black Guelphs (among them, Corso Donati, a distant relative of Dante’s wife), the political faction in power at the time and who were in league with Pope Boniface VIII. (The pope, as well as countless other figures from Florentine politics, finds a place in the hell that Dante creates in Inferno—and an extremely unpleasant one.) Dante may have been driven out of Florence, but this would be the beginning of his most productive artistic period.

  • Papacy and Empire were at odds with each other. Dante was siding with the emperor, not the Pope. (STATE VS. CHURCH)

  • Sent away from Florence when the Pope overturned the emperor.

tumultuous

• Around the time of Beatrice’s death, Dante began to immerse himself in the study of philosophy and the machinations of the Florentine political scene. Florence was then was a ________ city, with factions representing the papacy and the empire continually at odds, and Dante held a number of important public posts.

1302

• In ___, however, he fell out of favor and was exiled for life by the leaders of the Black Guelphs (among them, Corso Donati, a distant relative of Dante’s wife), the political faction in power at the time and who were in league with Pope Boniface VIII. (The pope, as well as countless other figures from Florentine politics, finds a place in the hell that Dante creates in Inferno—and an extremely unpleasant one.) Dante may have been driven out of Florence, but this would be the beginning of his most productive artistic period.

Black Guelphs

• In 1302, however, he fell out of favor and was exiled for life by the leaders of the_______ (among them, Corso Donati, a distant relative of Dante’s wife), the political faction in power at the time and who were in league with Pope Boniface VIII. (The pope, as well as countless other figures from Florentine politics, finds a place in the hell that Dante creates in Inferno—and an extremely unpleasant one.) Dante may have been driven out of Florence, but this would be the beginning of his most productive artistic period.

Corso Donati

• In 1302, however, he fell out of favor and was exiled for life by the leaders of the Black Guelphs (among them, ___________, a distant relative of Dante’s wife), the political faction in power at the time and who were in league with Pope Boniface VIII. (The pope, as well as countless other figures from Florentine politics, finds a place in the hell that Dante creates in Inferno—and an extremely unpleasant one.) Dante may have been driven out of Florence, but this would be the beginning of his most productive artistic period.

Pope Boniface VIII

• In 1302, however, he fell out of favor and was exiled for life by the leaders of the Black Guelphs (among them, Corso Donati, a distant relative of Dante’s wife), the political faction in power at the time and who were in league with __________________. (The pope, as well as countless other figures from Florentine politics, finds a place in the hell that Dante creates in Inferno—and an extremely unpleasant one.) Dante may have been driven out of Florence, but this would be the beginning of his most productive artistic period.

Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso

Divine Comedia is a trilogy of:

The Divine Comedy

• In the spring of 1312, Dante seems to have gone with the other exiles to meet up with the new emperor at Pisa (Henry’s rise was sustained, and he was named Holy Roman Emperor in 1312), but again, his exact whereabouts during this period are uncertain.

• By 1314, however, Dante had completed the Inferno, the segment of The Divine Comedy set in hell, and in 1317 he settled at Ravenna and there completed The Divine Comedy (soon before his death in 1321).

spring of 1312

• In the _________, Dante seems to have gone with the other exiles to meet up with the new emperor at Pisa (Henry’s rise was sustained, and he was named Holy Roman Emperor in 1312), but again, his exact whereabouts during this period are uncertain.

• By 1314, however, Dante had completed the Inferno, the segment of The Divine Comedy set in hell, and in 1317 he settled at Ravenna and there completed The Divine Comedy (soon before his death in 1321).

Holy Roman Emperor

• In the spring of 1312, Dante seems to have gone with the other exiles to meet up with the new emperor at Pisa (Henry’s rise was sustained, and he was named ______________ in 1312), but again, his exact whereabouts during this period are uncertain.

• By 1314, however, Dante had completed the Inferno, the segment of The Divine Comedy set in hell, and in 1317 he settled at Ravenna and there completed The Divine Comedy (soon before his death in 1321).

1314

• By ___, however, Dante had completed the Inferno, the segment of The Divine Comedy set in hell, and in 1317 he settled at Ravenna and there completed The Divine Comedy (soon before his death in 1321).

1317

• By 1314, however, Dante had completed the Inferno, the segment of The Divine Comedy set in hell, and in ___ he settled at Ravenna and there completed The Divine Comedy (soon before his death in 1321).

Ravenna

• By 1314, however, Dante had completed the Inferno, the segment of The Divine Comedy set in hell, and in 1317 he settled at ______ and there completed The Divine Comedy (soon before his death in 1321).

1321

Dante’s death:

The Divine Comedy - Background

• The Divine Comedy is an allegory of human life presented as a visionary trip through the Christian afterlife, written as a warning to a corrupt society to steer itself to the path of righteousness: "to remove those living in this life from the state of misery, and lead them to the state of felicity."

• The poem is written in the first person (from the poet’s perspective) and follows Dante's journey through the three Christian realms of the dead: hell, purgatory, and finally heaven.

• The Roman poet Virgil guides Dante through hell (Inferno) and purgatory (Purgatorio), while Beatrice guides him through heaven (Paradiso). The journey lasts from the night before Good Friday to the Wednesday after Easter in the spring of 1300 (placing it before Dante’s factual exile from Florence, which looms throughout the Inferno and serves as an undercurrent to the poet’s journey).

visionary trip

The Divine Comedy is an allegory of human life presented as a ____________ through the Christian afterlife, written as a warning to a corrupt society to steer itself to the path of righteousness: "to remove those living in this life from the state of misery, and lead them to the state of felicity."

path of righteousness

The Divine Comedy is an allegory of human life presented as a visionary trip through the Christian afterlife, written as a warning to a corrupt society to steer itself to the ________________: "to remove those living in this life from the state of misery, and lead them to the state of felicity."

first person

• The poem is written in the __________ (from the poet’s perspective) and follows Dante's journey through the three Christian realms of the dead: hell, purgatory, and finally heaven.

hell, purgatory, and heaven

• The poem is written in the first person (from the poet’s perspective) and follows Dante's journey through the three Christian realms of the dead: _____, _______,and ________.

Virgil

• The Roman poet ____ guides Dante through hell (Inferno) and purgatory (Purgatorio)

night before Good Friday

• The Roman poet Virgil guides Dante through hell (Inferno) and purgatory (Purgatorio), while Beatrice guides him through heaven (Paradiso). The journey lasts from the ________________ to the Wednesday after Easter in the spring of 1300 (placing it before Dante’s factual exile from Florence, which looms throughout the Inferno and serves as an undercurrent to the poet’s journey)

Wednesday after Easter

• The Roman poet Virgil guides Dante through hell (Inferno) and purgatory (Purgatorio), while Beatrice guides him through heaven (Paradiso). The journey lasts from the night before Good Friday to the ____________________in the spring of 1300 (placing it before Dante’s factual exile from Florence, which looms throughout the Inferno and serves as an undercurrent to the poet’s journey)

Inferno

• ____, the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy that inspired the latest Dan Brown's bestseller of the same title describes the poet's vision of Hell. The story begins with the narrator (who is the poet himself) being lost in a dark wood where he is attacked by three beasts which he cannot escape.

• He is rescued by the Roman poet Virgil who is sent by Beatrice (Dante's ideal woman). Together, they begin the journey into the underworld or the 9 Circles of Hell.

Dan Brown

• Inferno, the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy that inspired the latest _______'s bestseller of the same title describes the poet's vision of Hell. The story begins with the narrator (who is the poet himself) being lost in a dark wood where he is attacked by three beasts which he cannot escape.

three beasts

• Inferno, the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy that inspired the latest Dan Brown's bestseller of the same title describes the poet's vision of Hell. The story begins with the narrator (who is the poet himself) being lost in a dark wood where he is attacked by ______________ which he cannot escape.

• He is rescued by the Roman poet Virgil who is sent by Beatrice (Dante's ideal woman). Together, they begin the journey into the underworld or the 9 Circles of Hell.

underworld or the 9 Circles of Hell

• Inferno, the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy that inspired the latest Dan Brown's bestseller of the same title describes the poet's vision of Hell. The story begins with the narrator (who is the poet himself) being lost in a dark wood where he is attacked by three beasts which he cannot escape.

• He is rescued by the Roman poet Virgil who is sent by Beatrice (Dante's ideal woman). Together, they begin the journey into the ______ or the ______________.

dark wood

• Dante, the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy that inspired the latest Dan Brown's bestseller of the same title describes the poet's vision of Hell. The story begins with the narrator (who is the poet himself) being lost in a _______ where he is attacked by three beasts which he cannot escape.

Limbo

• First Circle of Inferno

• Dante’s First Circle of Hell is resided by virtuous non-Christians and unbaptized pagans who are punished with eternity in an inferior form of Heaven. They live in a castle with seven gates which symbolize the seven virtues.

• Here, Dante sees many prominent people from classical antiquity such as Homer, Socrates, Aristotle, Cicero, Hippocrates and Julius Caesar.

virtuous non-Christians and unbaptized pagans

• First Circle of Inferno

• Dante’s First Circle of Hell is resided by_____________ and _________ who are punished with eternity in an inferior form of Heaven. They live in a castle with seven gates which symbolize the seven virtues.

• Here, Dante sees many prominent people from classical antiquity such as Homer, Socrates, Aristotle, Cicero, Hippocrates and Julius Caesar.

seven gates

• First Circle of Inferno

• Dante’s First Circle of Hell is resided by virtuous non-Christians and unbaptized pagans who are punished with eternity in an inferior form of Heaven. They live in a castle with ________ which symbolize the seven virtues.

• Here, Dante sees many prominent people from classical antiquity such as Homer, Socrates, Aristotle, Cicero, Hippocrates and Julius Caesar.

seven virtues

• First Circle of Inferno

• Dante’s First Circle of Hell is resided by virtuous non-Christians and unbaptized pagans who are punished with eternity in an inferior form of Heaven. They live in a castle with seven gates which symbolize the _______

• Here, Dante sees many prominent people from classical antiquity such as Homer, Socrates, Aristotle, Cicero, Hippocrates and Julius Caesar.

inverted triangle

The Inferno is shaped like an __________. The topmost has the biggest part and gets smaller as you go downwards, divided in nine circles found in the tip of the triangle.

Lust

• In the Second Circle of Hell, Dante and his companion Virgil find people who were overcome by ___. They are punished by being blown violently back and forth by strong winds, preventing them to find peace and rest. Strong winds symbolize the restlessness of a person who is led by desire for fleshly pleasures.

• Again, Dante sees many notable people from history and mythology including Cleopatra, Tristan, Helen of Troy and others who were adulterous during their lifetime.

Strong winds

• ______________ in the circle of second circle of hell symbolize the restlessness of a person who is led by desire for fleshly pleasures.

Gluttony

• When reaching the Third Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil find souls of ____ who are overlooked by a worm-monster Cerberus.

• Sinners in this circle of Hell are punished by being forced to lie in a vile slush that is produced by never ending icy rain. The vile slush symbolizes personal degradation of one who overindulges in food, drink and other worldly pleasures, while the inability to see others lying nearby represents the gluttons’ selfishness and coldness.

• Here, Dante speaks to a character called Ciacco who also tells him that the Guelphs (a fraction supporting the Pope) will defeat and expel the Ghibellines (a fraction supporting the Emperor to which Dante adhered) from Florence which happened in 1302, before the poem was written (after 1308).

vile slush

• The __________symbolizes personal degradation of one who overindulges in food, drink and other worldly pleasures, while the inability to see others lying nearby represents the gluttons’ selfishness and coldness.

worm-monster Cerberus

• When reaching the Third Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil find souls of gluttons who are overlooked by a _________________.

Ciacco

• In the third circle of hell, Dante speaks to a character called ____ who also tells him that the Guelphs (a fraction supporting the Pope) will defeat and expel the Ghibellines (a fraction supporting the Emperor to which Dante adhered) from Florence which happened in 1302, before the poem was written (after 1308).

1308

• Here, Dante speaks to a character called Ciacco who also tells him that the Guelphs (a fraction supporting the Pope) will defeat and expel the Ghibellines (a fraction supporting the Emperor to which Dante adhered) from Florence which happened in 1302, before the poem was written (after ___).

Ghibellines

a fraction supporting the Emperor to which Dante adhered

Greed

• In the Fourth Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil see the souls of people who are punished for ___. They are divided into two groups – those who hoarded possessions and those who lavishly spent it – jousting.

• They use great weights as a weapon, pushing it with their chests which symbolizes their selfish drive for fortune during lifetime.

• The two groups that are guarded by a character called Pluto (probably the ancient Greek ruler of the underworld) are so occupied with their activity that the two poets don’t try to speak to them.

• Here, Dante says to see many clergymen including cardinals and popes.

hoarded possessions and lavishly spent it

• In the Fourth Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil see the souls of people who are punished for greed. They are divided into two groups – those who _____________ and those who ________________ – jousting.

great weights

4th Circle

• They use __________ as a weapon, pushing it with their chests which symbolizes their selfish drive for fortune during lifetime.

Pluto

4th Circle

• The two groups that are guarded by a character called ____ (probably the ancient Greek ruler of the underworld) are so occupied with their activity that the two poets don’t try to speak to them

clergymen

4th Circle
- Here, Dante says to see many ________ including cardinals and popes.

Anger

• The Fifth Circle of Hell is where the wrathful and sullen are punished for their sins.

• Transported on a boat by Phlegyas, Dante and Virgil see the wrathful fighting each other on the surface of the river Styx and the sullen gurgling beneath the surface of the water.

• Again, the punishment reflects the type of the sin committed during lifetime. While passing through, the poets are approached by Filippo Argenti, a prominent Florentine politician who confiscated Dante’s property after his expulsion from Florence.

wrathful and sullen

• The Fifth Circle of Hell is where the ______ and _____ are punished for their sins.

• Transported on a boat by Phlegyas, Dante and Virgil see the wrathful fighting each other on the surface of the river Styx and the sullen gurgling beneath the surface of the water.

• Again, the punishment reflects the type of the sin committed during lifetime. While passing through, the poets are approached by Filippo Argenti, a prominent Florentine politician who confiscated Dante’s property after his expulsion from Florence.

Phlegyas

5th Circle

• Transported on a boat by ______, Dante and Virgil see the wrathful fighting each other on the surface of the river Styx and the sullen gurgling beneath the surface of the water.

surface of the river Styx and gurgling beneath the surface of the water

5th Circle

• Transported on a boat by Phlegyas, Dante and Virgil see the wrathful fighting each other on the __________________ and the sullen ___________________.

Filippo Argenti

5th Circle

• While passing through, the poets are approached by _______________, a prominent Florentine politician who confiscated Dante’s property after his expulsion from Florence.

Heresy

• When reaching the Sixth Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil see ______ who are condemned to eternity in flaming tombs.

• Here, Dante talks with a couple of Florentines – Farinata degli Uberti and Cavalcante de’ Cavalcanti – but he also sees other notable historical figures including the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Anastasius II.

• The latter, however, is according to some modern scholars condemned by Dante as heretic by a mistake. Instead, as some scholars argue, the poet probably meant the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I.

eternity in flaming tombs

• When reaching the Sixth Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil see heretics who are condemned to __________________.

• Here, Dante talks with a couple of Florentines – Farinata degli Uberti and Cavalcante de’ Cavalcanti – but he also sees other notable historical figures including the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Anastasius II.

• The latter, however, is according to some modern scholars condemned by Dante as heretic by a mistake. Instead, as some scholars argue, the poet probably meant the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I.

Farinata degli Uberti and Cavalcante de’ Cavalcanti

• When reaching the Sixth Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil see heretics who are condemned to eternity in flaming tombs.

• Here, Dante talks with a couple of Florentines – __________________ and __________________ – but he also sees other notable historical figures including the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Anastasius II.

• The latter, however, is according to some modern scholars condemned by Dante as heretic by a mistake. Instead, as some scholars argue, the poet probably meant the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I.

Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I

• When reaching the Sixth Circle of Hell, Dante and Virgil see heretics who are condemned to eternity in flaming tombs.

• Here, Dante talks with a couple of Florentines – Farinata degli Uberti and Cavalcante de’ Cavalcanti – but he also sees other notable historical figures including the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Anastasius II.

• The latter, however, is according to some modern scholars condemned by Dante as heretic by a mistake. Instead, as some scholars argue, the poet probably meant the ________________.

Violence

• The Seventh Circle of Hell is divided into three rings. The Outer Ring houses murderers and others who were violent to other people and property.

• Here, Dante sees Alexander the Great (disputed), Dionysius I of Syracuse, Guy de Montfort and many other notable historical and mythological figures such as the Centaurus, sank into a river of boiling blood and fire. In the Middle Ring, the poet sees suicides who have been turned into trees and bushes which are fed upon by harpies.

• But he also sees here profligates, chased and torn to pieces by dogs. In the Inner Ring are blasphemers and sodomites, residing in a desert of burning sand and burning rain falling from the sky.

Outer, Middle, and Inner Ring

• The Seventh Circle of Hell is divided into three rings. The___________ houses murderers and others who were violent to other people and property.

• Here, Dante sees Alexander the Great (disputed), Dionysius I of Syracuse, Guy de Montfort and many other notable historical and mythological figures such as the Centaurus, sank into a river of boiling blood and fire. In the__________, the poet sees suicides who have been turned into trees and bushes which are fed upon by harpies.

• But he also sees here profligates, chased and torn to pieces by dogs. In the__________ are blasphemers and sodomites, residing in a desert of burning sand and burning rain falling from the sky.

Outer Ring

• The Seventh Circle of Hell is divided into three rings. The ________ houses murderers and others who were violent to other people and property.

• Here, Dante sees Alexander the Great (disputed), Dionysius I of Syracuse, Guy de Montfort and many other notable historical and mythological figures such as the Centaurus, sank into a river of boiling blood and fire. In the Middle Ring, the poet sees suicides who have been turned into trees and bushes which are fed upon by harpies.

• But he also sees here profligates, chased and torn to pieces by dogs. In the Inner Ring are blasphemers and sodomites, residing in a desert of burning sand and burning rain falling from the sky.

Middle Ring

• The Seventh Circle of Hell is divided into three rings. The Outer Ring houses murderers and others who were violent to other people and property.

• Here, Dante sees Alexander the Great (disputed), Dionysius I of Syracuse, Guy de Montfort and many other notable historical and mythological figures such as the Centaurus, sank into a river of boiling blood and fire. In the __________, the poet sees suicides who have been turned into trees and bushes which are fed upon by harpies.

• But he also sees here profligates, chased and torn to pieces by dogs. In the Inner Ring are blasphemers and sodomites, residing in a desert of burning sand and burning rain falling from the sky.

Inner Ring

• The Seventh Circle of Hell is divided into three rings. The Outer Ring houses murderers and others who were violent to other people and property.

• Here, Dante sees Alexander the Great (disputed), Dionysius I of Syracuse, Guy de Montfort and many other notable historical and mythological figures such as the Centaurus, sank into a river of boiling blood and fire. In the Middle Ring, the poet sees suicides who have been turned into trees and bushes which are fed upon by harpies.

• But he also sees here profligates, chased and torn to pieces by dogs. In the_________ are blasphemers and sodomites, residing in a desert of burning sand and burning rain falling from the sky.

profligates

7th Circle

• But he also sees here _______, chased and torn to pieces by dogs. In the Inner Ring are blasphemers and sodomites, residing in a desert of burning sand and burning rain falling from the sky.

Fraud

• The Eight Circle of Hell is resided by the ____. Dante and Virgil reach it on the back of Geryon, a flying monster with different natures, just like the fraudulent.

• This circle of Hell is divided into 10 Bolgias or stony ditches with bridges between them. In Bolgia 1, Dante sees panderers and seducer. In Bolgia 2 he finds flatterers. After crossing the bridge to Bolgia 3, he and Virgil see those who are guilty of simony. After crossing another bridge between the ditches to Bolgia 4, they find sorcerers and false prophets. In Bolgia 5 are housed corrupt politicians, in Bolgia 6 are hypocrites and in the remaining 4 ditches, Dante finds hypocrites (Bolgia 7), thieves (Bolgia 7), evil counselors and advisers (Bolgia 8), divisive individuals (Bolgia 9) and various falsifiers such as alchemists, perjurers and counterfeits (Bolgia 10).

Geryon

• The Eight Circle of Hell is resided by the ____. Dante and Virgil reach it on the back of ____, a flying monster with different natures, just like the fraudulent.

• This circle of Hell is divided into 10 Bolgias or stony ditches with bridges between them. In Bolgia 1, Dante sees panderers and seducer. In Bolgia 2 he finds flatterers. After crossing the bridge to Bolgia 3, he and Virgil see those who are guilty of simony. After crossing another bridge between the ditches to Bolgia 4, they find sorcerers and false prophets. In Bolgia 5 are housed corrupt politicians, in Bolgia 6 are hypocrites and in the remaining 4 ditches, Dante finds hypocrites (Bolgia 7), thieves (Bolgia 7), evil counselors and advisers (Bolgia 8), divisive individuals (Bolgia 9) and various falsifiers such as alchemists, perjurers and counterfeits (Bolgia 10).

10 Bolgias or stony ditches

The eight circle of hell is divided into _________________ with bridges between them. In Bolgia 1, Dante sees panderers and seducer. In Bolgia 2 he finds flatterers. After crossing the bridge to Bolgia 3, he and Virgil see those who are guilty of simony. After crossing another bridge between the ditches to Bolgia 4, they find sorcerers and false prophets. In Bolgia 5 are housed corrupt politicians, in Bolgia 6 are hypocrites and in the remaining 4 ditches, Dante finds hypocrites (Bolgia 7), thieves (Bolgia 7), evil counselors and advisers (Bolgia 8), divisive individuals (Bolgia 9) and various falsifiers such as alchemists, perjurers and counterfeits (Bolgia 10).

panderers and seducer; flatterer; guilty of simony; sorcerers and false prophets; corrupt politicians; hypocrites; thieves; evil counselors and advisers; divisive individual; falsifiers

• This circle of Hell is divided into 10 Bolgias or stony ditches with bridges between them. In Bolgia 1, Dante sees ____ and ____. In Bolgia 2 he finds ___. After crossing the bridge to Bolgia 3, he and Virgil see those who are ________. After crossing another bridge between the ditches to Bolgia 4, they find _________. In Bolgia 5 are housed ____________, in Bolgia 6 are ____________ and in the remaining 4 ditches, Dante finds hypocrites (Bolgia 7), _____ (Bolgia 7), _______________ (Bolgia 8), _______________ (Bolgia 9) and various ______ such as alchemists, perjurers and counterfeits (Bolgia 10).

Treachery

• The last Ninth Circle of Hell is divided into 4 Rounds according to the seriousness of the sin though all residents are frozen in an icy lake.

• Those who committed more severe sin are deeper within the ice.

• Each of the 4 Rounds is named after an individual who personifies the sin. Thus Round 1 is named Caina after Cain who killed his bother Abel, Round 2 is named Antenora after Anthenor of Troy who was Priam’s counselor during the Trojan War, Round 3 is named Ptolomaea after Ptolemy (son of Abubus), while Round 4 is named Judecca after Judas Iscariot, the apostle who betrayed Jesus with a kiss.

Caina, Antenora, Ptolomaea, and Judecca

Last Circle of Hell

• Each of the 4 Rounds is named after an individual who personifies the sin. Thus Round 1 is named ____ after Cain who killed his bother Abel, Round 2 is named _______ after Anthenor of Troy who was Priam’s counselor during the Trojan War, Round 3 is named ________ after Ptolemy (son of Abubus), while Round 4 is named _____ after Judas Iscariot, the apostle who betrayed Jesus with a kiss.

Cain

• Each of the 4 Rounds is named after an individual who personifies the sin. Thus Round 1 is named Caina after ___ who killed his bother Abel.

Anthenor

Last Circle of Hell

• Round 2 is named Antenora after ______ of Troy who was Priam’s counselor during the Trojan War

Ptolemy

Last Circle of Hell

• Round 3 is named Ptolomaea after _____ (son of Abubus), while Round 4 is named Judecca after Judas Iscariot, the apostle who betrayed Jesus with a kiss.

Judas Iscariot

Last Circle of Hell

• Round 4 is named Judecca after _______________, the apostle who betrayed Jesus with a kiss.