Religion, Logic, Media

Deductive Logic

conclusion is necessary, given the premises

Inductive Logic

Given the premises, conclusion is likely

Informal Logic

Evidence relevant to the conclusion

Formal Logic

Fits the form (structure)

What does it mean for an argument to be “sound”?

Valid and premises are true/ verifiable

What is necessary in a claim to be “valid”?

Every premise must be verifiable

Euphemisms

Minimize the negative

Dysphemisms

Purposely make things worse

Persuasive Comparisons

Can be good or bad, EX: “She dances like beyonce” OR “he’s as ugly as a troll”

Persuasive Definitions

Can be based on an opinion, “CSUN is a great University”

Innuendo

Suggesting the negative. Insinuates/ Insultes/ Sarcasm

Downplayer

“You’re great, but…”

Hyperbole

An exagerated statement

Proof Surogate

Introduces evidence but fails to give proof. Premise without a source

What are the three categories of fallacies?

Relevance, Circular Reasoning, Semantic Fallacies

Relevance Fallacies

Premises not relevant/ not directly connected to conclusion (“Missing The Point”)

Circular Reasoning

Argument assumes its own conlusion, arguments are mistakes in the premises

Semantic Fallacies

Vagueness, multiple meanings misleading usage; lead to deception/ confusion in reasoning. Sometimes valid but not sound.

The Non Sequitur

Relevance categ

The AD Hominem Fallacy

Relevance categ

Guilt by Assosiation

Relevance categ

The Genetic Fallacy

Relevance categ

Tu Quoque

Relevance categ

Ad Baculum

Relevance categ

Ad Verecundiam

Relevance categ

Ad populum

Relevance categ

Ad Novarum

Relevance categ

Ad Misericordiam

Relevance categ

Ad Ignorantiam

Relveance categ

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Relevance categ

Two Wrongs make a Right

Relevance categ

Begging the Question

Circular Reasoning categ

The Straw Man fallacy

Circular Reasoning categ

False Dilemma/ False Dichotomy

Circular Reasoning categ

Inconsistency/ Double Standard

Circular Reasoning categ

Slippery Slope

Circular Reasoning categ

Reductio Ad Adsurdum

Circular Reasoning categ

Extension Fallacies

Circular Reasoning categ

Appeal to Beliefs

Circular Reasoning categ

Appeal to the Consequences of Belief

Circular Reasoning categ

Taking out of Context

Circular Reasoning categ

Equivocation

Semantic categ

Composition

Semantic categ

Division

Semantic categ

False Anaolgy

Semantic categ

False Consolation

Semantic categ

Define Non Sequitar

is an irrelevant reason

Define Ad Hominem

response argument aimed to avoid responsibility/ accountability for something.. (most common for attacking age, gender, race, character, religion, etc)

Define Guilt by Assosiation

fallacious argument based on opponents reputation, company he/she keeps rather than issue @ hand.

Define The Genetic Fallacy

bases argument on someones behavior, actions, feelings

Define Tu Quoque

based on avoiding responsibility by saying others do it too.

Define Ad Baculum

Force arguments through use of threat/ intimidation

Define Ad Verecundiam

Argument dependant on prestige, status, respect, importance, of prominent supporter

Define Ad Populum

based off of others position taken in conclusion

Define Ad Novarum

An items newness makes it better than others

Define Ad Misericordiam

Arguments based off of emotional excuses

Define Ad Ignorantiam

based on accepting lack of evidence against position or positive evidence against position

Define Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

If events occured similar time period, one is seen as the cause for the other

Define Begging the Question

based on restating the premises and conclusion as the argument

Define The Straw Man

identifying a small part of the argument and attacking that part in exaggeration

Define False Dilemma/ False Dichotomy

establishing a limited set of options to choose from when in reality so many others exist

Define Inconsistency/ Double Standard

based on contradicting positions sometimes occuring within the same argument by the same person

Define Slippery Slope

based on hypothetical premises that when connected lead to a valid conclusion, based on false premises

Define Reductio Ad Adsurdum

series hypothetical actions created to sound ridiculous, humorus, absurd; to persuade to a conclusion

Define Extension Fallacies

extend boundaries of position and then attack it once it’s been stretched beyond intended limits

Define Appeal to beliefs

supporting a decision because it is acceted, commonly held position

Define Appeal to the Consequences of Beliefs

concludes a position because to not conclude it would result in negative/ adverse circumstances.

Define Equivocation

based on deliberate attempt to manipulate, compel compliance w/ position which is confusing/ ambiguous

Define Composition

based saying that the characteristics of one part represent the whole of the person/ thing/ etc.

Define Division

saying that the characteristics of one part represent the whole must be the same for all parts

Define False Analogy

used to compare one of several characteristics of a situation/ event/ idea/ person with another

Define False Consolation

basing an argument when comparing one of more seriousness to one of less leading to its discredit