Ch4: Cell Metabolism

metabolism

the series of chemical reactions necessary for the use of raw material

anabolism

reactions that build larger, more complex substances from simpler substances

catabolism

reactions that break down larger, more complex substances into simpler substances

during catabolism, energy is ____

released and eventually converted into ATP

carbohydrates

organic compounds composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)

monosaccharides

single-sugar compounds

disaccharides

double-sugar compounds

polysaccharides

many-sugar compounds, called starches

what monosaccharide is considered the body’s most important source of energy?

glucose

the two monosaccharides that are converted to glucose are ____ and ____

fructose, galactose

monosaccharide found in DNA

deoxyribose

monosaccharide found in RNA

ribose

disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose

sucrose

disaccharide made up of glucose and glucose

maltose

disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose

lactose

this disaccharide can be found in sweet potatoes, pears, and honey

maltose

this disaccharide is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar

sucrose

this disaccharide is found in milk and other dairy foods made from milk like yogurt and ice cream

lactose

polysaccharide found in plant foods and and digested to monosaccharides

starches

polysaccharide that is excess glucose stored in liver and skeletal muscle; animal starch

glycogen

this polysaccharide that is nondigestible by humans and forms dietary fiber or roughage

cellulose

main way glucose is used after absorption

burned immediately for fuel

excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the ____ and ____

liver, skeletal muscles

glucose can be stored as ____ and burned as fuel later

fat

in anaerobic catabolism, oxygen is ____

absent

in aerobic catabolism, oxygen is ____

present

glycolysis

the anaerobic breakdown of glucose

glycolysis occurs in the ___

cytoplasm

during glycolysis glucose is broken down into ____ and then ______

pyruvic acid, lactic acid

why does glycolysis produce only a small amount of ATP?

most of the energy is locked up in the lactic acid molecule

aerobic catabolism of glucose occurs in the ___

mitochondria

in the mitochondria, glucose breaks down from pyruvic acid and then ___, ____, and _____

carbon dioxide, water, ATP

_____ and _____ are the first two main stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, Krebs cycle

when oxygen is added after glycolysis, the ______ begins

Krebs cycle

the ______ enzyme and _____ enzyme work together in the mitochondria to produce ATP aerobically

Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

glucose can be made from noncarbohydrate substances through the process of ______

gluconeogensis

lipids

organic compounds commonly called fats and oils

the building blocks of lipids are _____ and _____

fatty acids, glycerol

this lipid has three long chains of fatty acids attached to one small glycerol molecule

triglyceride

this lipid is formed when a phosphorus-containing group attaches to one of the glycerol sites

phospholipids

a common type of lipid that is not a triglyceride or phospholipids

steroids

other relatives of lipids

lipoid substances

this type of fat is straight chains with no double bonds- packed tightly, solid at room temperature

saturated

this type of fat is bent chains due to one or more double bonds- pack loosely, liquid at room temperature

unsaturated

this is an image of what type of lipid?

triglyceride

this is an image of what type of lipid?

phospholipid

this is an image of what type of lipid?

steroid

lipids are a source energy and a component ______ and

cell membranes, myelin sheath

lipids are used to synthesize _____

steroids

Which lipoprotein is commonly referred to as "good cholesterol"?

HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

which lipoproteins are considered “bad cholesterol’?

VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

which lipoprotein transports triglycerides to adipose tissue and muscle

VLDL

which lipoprotein delivers cholesterol to nonhepatic tissue?

LDL

which lipoprotein carries cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver for excretion

HDL

which organic matter is the most abundant in the body and participates in every body function?

protein

what are the building blocks of proteins

amino acids

all amino acids have an ___ group and ____ group

amine, acid

amino acids are joined by ____ to build peptides and proteins

peptide bonds

essential amino acids must be ____

included in diet

why must essential amino acids be included in diet?

the body cannot synthesize them

nonessential amino acids can ____

be synthesized by the body

if needed, proteins can be broken down for _____ and ____

ATP productions, gluconeogenesis

what is the waste product of amino acid breakdown?

nitrogen

excess nitrogen forms ___

toxic ammonia (NH3)

toxic ammonia is removed from the blood by the ____ and converted into ___

liver, urea

urea is excreted by the ____ in urine

kidneys

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

normal range for BUN levels in an adult male

8-24 mg/dL

normal range for BUN levels in an adult female

6-21 mg/dL

normal range for BUN level in a newborn child

3-12 mg/dL

normal range for BUN level in 1-17 year old children

7-20 mg/dL

BUN levels in the elderly may be higher other age groups due to ___

decreased kidney function

nucleotides are composed of __

a sugar, phosphate group, and base

the 4 potential based of a nucleotide are ___

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

2 nucleic acids composed of nucleotides are ___ and ____

DNA, RNA

____ is a double-stranded nucelotide

DNA

DNA is formed by ___

base pairing

in DNA, adenine pair with ___

thymine

in DNA, cytosine pairs with __

guanine

in DNA, thymine pairs with ____

adenine

in DNA, guanine pairs with ____

cytosine

in RNA, adenine pairs with ____

uracil

the genetic information for protein synthesis stored on one strand of DNA

base sequencing

the order of the three bases on a DNA strand is called the ___

codon

codon

code for one amino acid

_____ uses base pairing to copy the code. on a DNA strand

mRNA

during _____ mRNA detaches, leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes in cytoplasm

transcription

_____ is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and resembles the structure of DNA

RNA

the sugar in DNA is called ____

deoxyribose

the sugar in RNA is called ___

ribose

RNA has ____strand (s)

one

DNA has ____ strand(s)

two

DNA contains thymine (T) while RNA contains ___

uracil (U)

what reads the code on mRNA

tRNA

tRNA connects to a single amino acid in cytoplasm, and aligns them to form peptides and proteins during the process of ____

translation

first step of genetic code and protein synthesis

DNA strand is copied onto mRNA

protein syntheis takes place within which cell organelle?

ribosomes

after DNA is copied into mRNA,

it leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosomes

during translations, ____

tRNA base-pairs with mRNA

where is tRNA found in the cell?

attached to individual amino acids within the cytoplasm