pollutants

Carbon Monoxide

A colorless, odorless gas that is produced from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.

Sources of Carbon Monoxide

Includes motor vehicle exhaust and indoor sources such as kerosene or wood burning stoves.

Health Effects of Carbon Monoxide

Acts as an asphyxiant by interfering with oxygen uptake, posing risks to fetal development and potentially causing death.

Lead

A heavy metal sourced from metal refineries, lead smelters, and battery manufacturers.

History of Lead in Gasoline

Lead was commonly used as a gasoline additive before the Clean Air Act, with phaseout initiated by EPA in 1974.

Health Effects of Lead

Known neurotoxicant causing brain and kidney damage, lowered IQ, and anemia.

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Particulates that are less than 10 micrometers in size, including dust and pollen, that can irritate the respiratory tract.

Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Fine particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, often from combustion processes, that can travel deep into the lungs.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

A group of gases, including NO and NO2, that are produced from combustion and are highly reactive.

Human Health Impacts of NOx

Causes respiratory irritation, including coughing and difficulty breathing.

Photochemical Smog Formation

Formed when sunlight breaks down NO2 into NO and O, which then bonds to form ozone.

Ozone Sources

A secondary gaseous pollutant formed from the reaction of vehicle exhaust and VOCs in sunlight.

Health Effects of Ozone

Can cause eye and throat irritation, inflamed airways, coughing, and increased asthma prevalence.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

A colorless gas originating from coal-fired power plants and petroleum refineries with harmful health effects.

Health Effects of SO2

Causes respiratory irritation, worsens asthma and bronchitis, and can lead to eye irritation.

Acid Rain Formation

Occurs when NOx and SO2 react with moisture in the atmosphere to form nitric and sulfuric acid.

Effects of Acid Rain on Aquatic Life

As it decreases pH levels, it threatens species with different tolerances, leading to population declines.

Aluminum Toxicity from Acid Rain

High acidity can cause aluminum to be released, harming aquatic species.