HAN 312 blood, lymphatic, and immune system

what is blood

connective tissue w/ components of formed elements in plasma

bone marrow

soft tissue within bone responsible for multiple functions, inlcuding producing blood cells

hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells and other formed elements

hematopoietic stem cell

an unspecialized cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

differentiation

the change in structure and function of a cell as it matures, specialization

what are the functions of blood

transports oxygen, CO2, nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, hormones, and waste throughout the body, protects the body with WBCs, antibodies, and clotting factors

what are the formed elements of blood

erythrocytes (RBCs), thrombocytes (platelets), leukocytes (WBCs)

what are the types of leukocytes?

granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

whats the composition of blood?

45% formed elements, 55% plasma

what’s an immature RBC and erythrocyte?

erythroblast, reticulocyte

hemolysis

breaking down RBCs

what is bilirubin

pigment produced from hemoglobin when RBCs are destroyed

neutrophils

phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection, most numerous

eosinophils

phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections

basophils

contain heparin. (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses)

lymphocytes

control the immune response, make antibodies to antigens

monocytes

phagocytic cells that become macrophages and digest bacteria and tissue debris

what is the large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow

megakaryocyte

what plasma protein coverts to thrombin in the clotting process

prothrombin

what enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

thrombin

what plasma protein is converted into solid threads called fibrin

fibrinogen

what is a elastic fiber protein which forms basis of a blood clot

fibrin

kary/o, nucle/o

nucleus

myel/o

bone marrow

sider/o

iron

thromb/o

clot

-blast

immature cell

-gen

origin, production, giving rise to

-oid

derived, resembling, originating

-apheresis

removal

-phoresis

carrying, transmission

-emia

blood condition

-sis

condition, process

-osis

abnormal condition

-cytosis

abnormal condition of cells

-philia

attraction for (increasing in cell numbers)

-penia

deficiency

-stasis

stop

hemorrhagic

decreased RBCs due to profuse blood loss

hemolytic

reduction in RBCs due to excessive

aplastic anemia

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow due to aplsia or absence of cell formation of bone marrow cells

pernicious anemia

decline in mature RBCs w/ simultaneous enlargement of individual cells (macrocytes) due to inability to absorb vitamin B1 into blood stream

sickle cell anemia

hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle shape erythrocytes and hemolysis

thalessemia

inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia

hereditary spherocytosis

hereditary condition leading to less biconcave shape of RBC, and increase in fragility

hemochromatosis

excessive absorption and storage of dietary iron in body tissues causing dysfunction

polycythemia vera

general increase in RBCs

granulocytosis

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood

mononucleosis

an infectious disease marked by increased amt of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

thrombocytopenia

decreased platelet number leading to increased clotting time

hemophelia

excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack (X linked) of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting

von willebrand disease (vWD)

bleeding disorder due to a deficiency of a clotting factor characterized by a tendency to bleeding

autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura/idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

autoimmune condition which the body makes and antibody that causes macrophage destruction of one’s platelets resulting in bruising and bleeding from mucous membranes

purpura

multiple hemorrhages

multiple myeloma

malignant neoplasm of bone marrow, malignant cells (lymphocytes called plasma cells that produce antibodies) destroy bone tissues and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins

‘

what is erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

time measurements of RBC settling, used to diagnose inflammation and anemia

antiglobulin test (coombs test)

screening for presence of antibodies ex: infants of RH negative women, blood transfusion compatibility

autologus blood

blood donated for further use by same patient, usually presurgical

homologous blood

blood donated for further use by same patient, usually presurgical

apheresis

removal and replacement of patient’s own blood or donor blood after separation of blood into component parts and removal of a specific part from the blood

plasmapheresis

removal and replacement of patient’s own blood after plasma has been removed via centrifuge and replaced w/ a plasma substitute

hematology

medical specialty concerned w/ diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the blood and blood forming organs

what is lymph

clear fluid consisting of WBCs (lymphocytes and monocytes) and a few RBCs. originates in the blood and is surrounding the body’s cells, within tissues, and within lymphatic vessels

what are the functions of lymph

• return lymph from blood tissues to the blood

• transports proteins and fluid that have leaked, back to the bloodstream, maintains the body’s internal fluid level

what is the fluid that surrounds body cells called? also becomes lymph in lymph capillaries

interstitial fluid

aden/o

gland

thym/o

thymus gland

lymphaden/o

lymph node

axill/o

armpit

inguin/o

groin

lymphedema

edema due to a blocked lymph node or lymph vessel

lymphadenitis

inflammation of the lymph nodes

lymphadenopathy

disease of the lymph nodes, usually causes enlargement of the nodes

lymphangitis

inflammation of a lymph vessel

edema

accumulation of excess fluid in intracellular spaces, can be caused by blockage of lymph vessels

pitting edema

edema that retains an indentation of a finger that had been pressed firmly on the skin

what is elphantiasis

enlargement of the lower extremeties due to blockage of lymph vessels commonly caused by filarial worms (filariae)

what are filariae

small parasitic worms that are transmitted by mosquitos, the worms invade tissues as embryos and block lymph vessels as they grow

lymphoma

malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

thymoma

tumor of the thymus gland, patients may have other autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis

whats the difference btwn lymphadenectomy and lymphdenotomy

excision of a lymph node, incision into a lymph node

splen/o

spleen ex: splenomegaly

what’s a antibody

specific protein produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens, inactivates, antigens, inactivates antigens, provides immunity against specific organisms

what’s a antigen

agent or substance that provokes an immune response via stimulation of a antibody

what is natural immunity and what is it responsible for

immune resistance which is present at birth, not dependent on prior exposure to an antigen. responsible for phagocytosis, has macrophages, lymphocytes/natural killer (NK) cells

what is adaptive immunity and what is it responsible for

the body’s ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response to mount an attack on them. responsible for b and t cells which are lymphocytes, antibodies, immunoglobulins

what are B lymphocytes responsible for?

responsible for humoral immunity which is B cell production of antibodies after exposure to an antigen, type of adaptive immunity.

• originate in bone marrow from stem cells

• produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens (viruses and bacteria)

• mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies called immunoglobulins to block effects of antigen

what are t lymphocytes responsible for

responsible for cell mediated immunity in which the T cells respond and destroy antigens and destroy them or produces chemicals toxic to antigens, does not involve antibodies

• originate from bone marrow stem cells processed in the thymus gland

• includes: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells

what is the function of the complement system?

group of proteins which help antibodies kill their target

dendritic cells

• macrophages derived from monocytes

• recognize and digest foreign antigens

• present antigens on the surface to stimulate B and T cells and show them what to attack

tox/o

poison

ana-

again, anew, up, apart

auto-

self, own

retro-

backward, behind

-phylaxis

deficiency

-globulin

protein

-stitial

to set, pertaining to standing or positioned

-oid

resembling

-megaly

enlargement