INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

WHAT ARE THE FIVE MAJOR CATAGORIES OF DIAGNOSABLE MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS?

• mood disorders

• anxiety disorders

• schizophrenia

• psychotic disorders

• eating disorders

• dementia

WHAT IS DEPRESSION

• most common mental illness

• it is the second leading cause of disability, after heart disease

GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES

• different conditions are more prevalent in different parts of the globe

• - eg OCD is more likely to occur in Latin America than in Africa

• japan has higher rates of schizophrenia

HOW CAN WE DEFINE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

• deviation from statistical norm

• deviation from social and political norms

• maladaptive behaviour and harmful dysfunction

• distress and disability

DEVIATION FROM STATISTICAL NORM

• People below or above average are seen as abnormal

• however does it imply pathology

• arbitary

• abnormal is a bit extreme

DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL/ POLITICAL NORM

• certain cultural differences are normal/acceptable

• not socially acceptable means can suggest pathology according to this definition

• this can stigmatise individuals who do not conform

• culture affects vulnerability

• culture bounds symptoms

WHAT IS MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR

• an action that stops a person from adjusting to new situations or managing stress in a healthy way.

• eg skippiing social events

MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND HARMFUL DYSFUNCTION

• used in Diagnostic and statistical manual of MHD-5 (DSM-5)

• recognises some sufferig

• contunuum of symptons

• is it adaptive or protective functions

WHAT IS CONTINUUM OF SYMPTOMS

views psychological traits and mental health conditions

sliding scale of severity or frequency

rather than distinct, "all-or-nothing" categories.

DISTRESS AND DISABILITY

• judging your own normality

• referring yourself for treatments

• this is independent of an individuals chosen lifestyle

WHAT ARE SOME NEGATIVES OF DISTRESS AND DISABILITY

• not standardised for objective judgment of behaviour as symptomatic of psychopathology

  • how dowe decide if someone gets access to treatment

• not all disorders classifying as psychopathology involve individual experiencing distress or impairment

  • people may not recognise stress or show psychopathy

DISADVANTAGES OF THE DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

• the definition is difficult in absense of measureable physiological substrate

• different approaches - each with own problems

  • no ideal solution no universal defintion

  • missed inclusion or over inclusion

  • stigma

ANCIENT GREEKS

• HIPPOCRATES 460 BC

• humourism

  • depend on the balance of the four humours

  • imbalance shows different symptoms temperments

  • for many years this model determined models for treatments

  • idea that balance needs to be restored

DEMONOLOGY

• until 18th century

• intervention was to force the demons out

• madness was seen as a domestic problem - no treatment

ASYLUMS

• usually converted hospices

• treatment was voiding bowels vomiting scarification sored and bruises

• diet - depletion/purgation

  • restore body to balance/ restrain spirits

• HAPPEN AFTER INFECTIOUS DISEASES

  NO SYSTEMATIC FORM OF TREATMENT

  PEOPLE WERE CHAINED UP

  
  

REASONS FOR ADMISSION IN ASYLUMS

• immoral life

• laziness

• novel reading

• politics

• bad company

• hard study

FROM ASYLUM TO COMMUNITY

• it chilled out overtime

• became more caring than traumatising

DE INSTITUITIONALISATION

• can shape behaviour by giving rewards

• antipsychotic medication becomes available

THE RECOVERY MODEL

• cure vs degree of distress

• holistic approach that consider many elements

• person as a part of wider society rather than idividual

• personal jounry

• SENSE OF SELF

  SENSE OF HOPE

  SECURE BASE – THINGS LIKE A HOME BASICALLY THE TRIANGLE

  MEANING IN LIFE THINGS LIKE ACTIVITIES

  HOW TO DEAL WITH YOURSELF DISTRESS ETC

  EMPOWERMENT AND INPUT AND AGENCY IN THEIR TREATMENT

  
  

THE MENTAL HEALTH CARE TODAY IS STEPPED

• starts with a low threshold

• come with mild depression symptoms- first point is to call gp

• escalates

BIOLOGICAL MODELS

• medical model

• biological explanations to mental health problems

• depression- low levels of serat

• based of medicine

• influenced by psychiatry

GENETICS

• genetic component varies from sufficient to contributory

• not just one gene

• hundreds thousands that that influence risk

• increase vulerability and risk

• anxiety sensitivity increased

• NEVER THE GENETIC RISK ALONE WHICH DETERMINES MENTAL HEALTH

DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL

• predisposition to illness + stress

HERITABILITY

• proportion of observed variation in trait attributed to inheirted genetic vs environmental factors

HOW DO INDIVIDUAL BIOLOGY CONTRIBUTES TO SYMPTOMS

• neuroscience

• looks at how indiviudal biology contributes to symptoms

BRAIN ANATOMY AND FUNCTION

• structural changes

• changes in brain activation patterns

• if someone is depressed bc of a situation for eg ssris will not help as social

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES

• complex interactions between neurotransmitters systemsand receptiors that inform the development of medication

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WHAT ARE THE FOUR SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS

• role of experience

• role of learning

• role of emotions

• role of cognitions

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

• the aim is to work throught unconscious conflict through process of interpretation

FREUD

• Neurologist from vienna

• First people who aimed to treat mental health difficulties

• in our development thru early experiences we develop internal conficts whch we carry threu life and dont process them as we shouold

• causing us to carry defense mechanism that help us cope repress

PSYCHOANALYSIS

• free association

• transferebce

• dream analysis interpretation

LIMITATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

• no longer explanation or treatment of choice

• concepts are difficult to define and measure

• little evidence for better explanations of psychopathology than other approaches

• duration and long term cost - intensive treatment

BEHAVIOURISM

• born a blank slate

• if everything is learnt then it can be unlearnt

• CORE PRINCIPLES BASED OF CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

  TREAT SOMEOMNE BY CHANGING BEHVIOURS AND REINFORNCING WANTED BEHAVIOUR

  
  

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

• Exposure

  Flooding

  Systematic desensitization

  Reciprocal inhibition/counterconditioning

  Aversion therapy (for substance use problems)

  
  

OPERATIONAL CONDITIONING

Functional analysis (what purpose does behaviour serve)

Token economy (rewards)

Response shaping (gradual application)

RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY

Irrational implicit assumptions

Aim to change beliefs/behaviour by demonstrating irrationality

BECKS COGNITIVE THERAPY

Test assumptions, look for new information, change assumptions to elicit different emotional or behavioral reac