History of AVN Exam 2 Review

Which of these pilots flew for the U.S. Mail Service?

Charles Lindbergh

Which of these events was not done by Amelia Earhart?

Completing a flight around the world.

True or False: The Boeing 40 A was used by Boeing on the Chicago-San Francisco airmail route.

True

True or False: Charles Lindbergh was an airmail pilot on the Chicago-St. Louis CAM route.

True

The Wasp and Hornet engines:

Manufactured by Pratt and Whitney, Ended European engine manufacturing superiority, led to establishment of American air supremacy

The first contract airmail (CAM) routes:

Awarded in 1926, Began in 1926, Included operations by Juan Trippe

The Boeing 40 A:

Incorporated the Wasp Engine, Used on Chicago- San Francisco airmail route

Under the provisions of the Airmail Act of 1925:

Competitive bids were sought to operate the feeder lines to the transcontinental route, Post Office would continue to operate the transcontinental route.

The Airmail Act of 1925 (The Kelly Act):

Was supported by railroads to get gov't out of mail business, was designed to encourage commercial aviation

Which airfield was the home to TWA?

MKC - Kansas City

Which Act is considered the foundation of Air Transport regulation by the government?

The Air Commerce Act of 1926

Under the Airmail Act of 1930, who had the power to award contracts and consolidate routes?

The Postmaster General

How did the Black Committee impact the aviation industry?

Spoils conference, Army retake over mail, Black McKellar Act, later Aeronautics Act of 1938

NACA created a large wind tunnel to study engine drag leading to

Mounting engines into the wing

Which is not one of the Big Four of the 1930's?

Pan Am

Which airline was once a part of Boeing?

United

Which Airmail Act paid by volume?

Airmail Act of 1930

What was the importance of the training facility at Brownsville?

Pilots learned how to fly "blind"

In 1928, Pan American Airways was poised to take advantage of the international political situations in which of the following particulars:

Europeans (mainly germans) were expanding trade routes to S. America, US was under influence from Monroe Doctrine, US needed counterpoint to Euro state-owned airlines

The Boeing model 247:

Constituted a giant leap forward because of its mono-wing and two-engine design

From 1940 until 1985, the authority for economic regulation of the airlines resided in:

The CAB

The economic regulation of the airlines established in 1940 controlled:

Rates, Mergers, Routes

Comparing the Airmail Act of 1934 with the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as amended in 1940, which of the following most accurately describes the effects of these statutes:

The Airmail Act was punitive, and the Civil Aeronautics Act was favorable

Focke Wulf FW 200 condor

Lufthansa, Non-stop flight Berlin to NY, 26 passengers

What was the first modern airliner?

Boeing 247 (1931), 10 passengers, Wasp Engine (550 hp)

Trans World Airlines (TWA)

Donald Douglas, 1934, flew DC-2, carry 14 passengers + sleepers, or 21 w/o

Benjamin Lipscher

Head new branch of USPS in 1918, hired 36 more pilots, switch planes to JR-1B

International flights in 1919

Vancouver to Seattle, Boeing and Eddie Hubbard, Boeing Model C

Airmail Strike in 1919

USPS lose half of pilots to weather (during otto praegers time)

Result of Airmail strike in 1919

gov't uninvolved = turn to private companies, field managers make decision (agree = has to fly along), 1920 airmail transcontinental route is half rail

Kelly Act (Air Mail Act of 1925)

railroad is losing money, Clyde Kelly heads it as chairman of House Post Office Committee

What is a CAM?

Contract Airmail Route

Result of Kelly Act

1st major legislation to start privatization of airmail, set rates and subsidies (railroad), created CAMs and bidding

Harry S New

postmaster general that wanted expansion of routes and gave only to large companies (broken up by gov't)

1st carriers with CAMs

National Air Transport, Varney Air Lines, Western Air Express, Colonial, Robertson, Ford, Pacific Airlines ( United)

Rate of pay for CAMs

$3 per lb for first 1000mi, 30 cents for next 100mi

Morrow Board

Cool Cal, Aviation Study w/ Dwight Morrow, Lassiter Board (1923) to resolve competing interest of Amry.Navy

1. answer 6 AVN questions 2. provide suggestions to improve situation

Lampert Committee

Cool Cal, looks into suspicious behavior of General Mason Patrick

Morrow Report

Aviation is vital for defense, non-military AVN deserves gov't support, gov't should cfreate airways and enhance safety

Air Commerce Act of 1926

Solid foundation for commercial AVN, purpose to promote air commerce, gov't create rules and nav. aids, now job of DOC

Charles Lindbergh

Raymond Ortiey reward for flight NY to Paris, Spirit of St.Louis, 33 hr 30 min flight

Western Air Express ( 1928)

"Model Airway", LA to San Fran, PIREPS (first pilot weather reporting system)

Bureau of Standards in 1926 worked on

radios w/ funding from 1926 Act

First Radio transmitter

1927, Bellefonte PA, 150 mi radius

Radio beacon System

non-visual, Boston in 1928, taken over by Aeronautics Branch in 1929

3 Big Companies in 20-30s

United Aircraft + Transport Corporation, North American Aviation, Aviation Corporation of America

United Airlines in 20-30s

Fred Rentschler (engine), Boeing (carrier), Vought ( aircraft), + set up with Pratt & Whitney for motors, obtain National Air Transp and become United

North American Aviation in 20-30s

Clement Keys, merge w/ Curtiss holdings and Wright Aeronautical --> Curtiss Wright

Aviation Corporation

Averall Harriman, Robert Lehman (financier), Fairchild Aircraft Company

Transcontinental Air Transport 20-30s

switch off with railroads, lose lots of money and not popular

Herbert Hoover in Avn

appoint Walter Folger Brown, 1925 airmail act, saw improvements w/ larger aircraft and better radios

McNary Watres Act ( Airmail Act of 1930)

carriers no longer be paid based on weight, now volume, bonuses for multi-engine, 5 major routes, modified bidding, 4 to 10 year certs

FDR and Brown

disagree w/ Brown policy, small companies left out = Black Committee

Black Committee

Committee to investigate (use ICC) Airmail ( 1934), questions of legality w/ contracts, 1934 FDR has army do airmail (NOT GOOD)

Result of Black Committee

Airlines focus on passenger travel, newer aircraft dev'pt, Federal Aviation Commission, Civil Aeronautics Act (1938),

"Stratoliner"

Boeing 307, 1938, 1st pressurized cabin, 33 passengers, 4 cyclone engines

"Connie"

1939, 2700 hp cyclone engine, 47-92 passengers, 370 mph,

Executive Order 6591

airmail carried by Army Air Corps

Black -McKellar Act ( Airmail Act of 1934)

competitive bidding back, repeal pwr of Postmaster Gen, arrangements for contracts, if part of meetings = no authority position at new airline

Authority after Airmail Act of 1934

Post office - contracts, routes, schedules Interstate Commerce Commission- rates and bidding oversight Department of Commerce - Bureau of Air Comm. - safety

Railway Labor Act of 1926

improve safety and conditions of acts prior, 1st legislation to ensure right to organize, cannot strike unless special conditions met

Social Security Act (1935)

cover risk and unemployment and age benefits

National Labor Relations Act (1935)

worker right to organize and collective bargain, airlines under RLA not this

Airline Pilots Association

1931, no legal standing, airlines require 120 hrs a month, in depression = strike because wages went down, Decision 83- 85 hours per month max

RLA and airlines

"heart of the act", "maintaining status quo", prohibits mgmt from interfering w/ organizing

"major dispute" vs "minor dispute"

major- result in strike relate to wages/ benefits/conditions minor- all other strikes prohibited

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

1915, aeronautics research lab, main committee (12 members)- washingotn, semi-annual meet, exec committee ( 7 members)- supervise

Langley Memory Laboratory

1920, w/ army as airfield, wind tunnels, cowling research,

American Airlines b4 CAA

Aviation Corporation, 80 holdings, helped create DC-3

Eastern Airlines b4 CAA

1934, from Eastern Air transport, Eddie Rickenbacker made general manager in 1934, purchased by rickenbacker in 1938

TWA b4 CAA

Walter Folger Brown, after Brown-McKelllar sold to John Hertz and Lehman Bros, Jack Frye in charge of operations, Frye wants Boeing 247, but can't get = DC-1 created w/ Wright Cyclones, also want B307- Howard Hughes buys company b/c denied(1932)

DC-3

1935, 900 hp cyclone, 455 produced, Collier Trophy (1936)

United b4 CAA

split after Black committee, sued gov't over airmail (resovled in 1943), ICC refused merger of Untied, CAA take over ICC and deny United bid for Western Air Express

Pan American

Juan Trippe, International, FC-2 seaplane, FAM 4 Havana to Key West, 1928 first regular service offered

Foreign Airmail Act

1928, Post master general grant contracts to bidding

Charles Lindbergh + Pan Am

flew FAM 5 in 1929, S-38, technical advisor

NYRBA

New York, Rio, Buenos Aires Airways ; PanAm enemy, order Commodore planes, didn't get contract in 1930 = Panam attempts to buy

Radio Corporation of America

use morse code on planes, 2 land based listening stations w/ loop antennae

S-40

"clipper", flying boat, 4 engine, 44 passengers, 1000 miles, 1931

Clipper accidents (1938)

Eddie Musich, S-40 to Samoa, Martin 130 disappear b/t Phillippines and Guam

Imperial Airways + Panam

pool in 1937 after British Air Monopoly permit Panam to operate

Big Four

United, America, Eastern, TWA

Pan American Airport

built by gov't, now Miami Intl ARP

Sea Navigation in 30s

RDF has aircraft send signals of lat + long to guide pilots, Nondirectional beacons, and airplane automatic direction finder

Aviation in Alaska

1932, Frozen Tundra, 1st ARP in Juncau

Sierra Madre

mountains had bad weather and turbulence = FAM deadly, Ed Snyder use region for blind flight

Panama Refining Co v. Ryan

Purpose- DOC involved w/ oil and flight industry Federal Register has to publish regulations, ATC enforceable

P-40 Warhawk

Sold to China to fight against Japan

First ATC Centers

1935, Bureau of Lighthouses (1936), experience w/ transportation and navigation

In 1934 the Aeronautics Branch …

was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce, and was regulating industry and focusing on rates

Civil Aeronautics Act (McCarren Lea Act 1938)

Fosters air commerce and enforce air traffic rules, licensing and certificatoins, airways, nav.aids, aeronautics branch assumes aviation responsibility (MacCracken 1st head)

Civil Aeronautics Authority

regulate fares, rates, interline agreements and mergers

CAA

Civil Aeronautics Administration, airways, ATC training, Safety programs, takeoffs/landings, later get task of fed-aid ARP program (from 1940 amendment)

CAB

Civil Aeronautics Board, econ of airlines (fares), investigation, rule making (from 1940 amendment)

Air Traffic Control Inc

formed by airlines, American Airlines first boss, Newark (1st facility), track within 50 miles, pilots think merely suggestions

Civil Air Regulations

1st Air Traffic Regulations, 1937, require airlines to draw detailed operation manual

Air Transport Association

1st act was to draft a bill creating a federal rate and route regulation to stabilize industry

Division in Airmail Act of 1934

post office -bidding and contracts, ICC - rates paid for mail carriage, Bureau of Air Commerce - safety regulation

POV of Pat McCarren

want centralized regulation of AVN, 1935 drafted bill for full control to go to ICC

POV of Clarence Lea

bill for independent Bureau for AVN,