English Coursebook Ścieżka 6 (B1.2–B2.0): Comprehensive Vocabulary & Concepts

Vocabulary and core concept flashcards from the English Workbook Ścieżka 6 (Level B1.2–B2.0), covering professional development, psychology, science and heritage, health, jurisprudence, civic structures, and maintenance.

Burnout

A state of complete physical and mental exhaustion resulting from long-term workplace stress or excessive overtime.

Lifelong learning

The ongoing, voluntary pursuit of acquiring skills and knowledge throughout an individual's adult life rather than only during formal education.

Be made redundant

To be dismissed from employment because an organization is eliminating positions or downsizing its workforce.

Inemuri

A Japanese workplace practice translated as "being present while sleeping," where a brief nap taken sitting upright at work or on transit is socially viewed as evidence of dedication and exhausting effort.

Work placement

A temporary period of supervised practical work experience organized as part of a formal academic or vocational qualification.

Decision fatigue

The psychological phenomenon in which the mental stamina required to make repeated choices throughout the day degrades the quality of subsequent decisions.

Blue Monday

A promotional concept, originally published in a 2005 travel company press release, asserting that the third Monday of January is the most depressing day of the year based on a non-scientific formula.

Overwhelmed

The subjective emotional state of feeling buried or incapacitated when too many obligations, stresses, or stimuli occur simultaneously.

Third Conditional

A grammatical construction ($\text{if} + \text{Past Perfect, would have} + \text{past participle}$) utilized to discuss counterfactual, unchangeable scenarios in the past and their hypothetical consequences.

Breakthrough

A pivotal and decisive scientific or technological discovery that helps resolve a complex problem.

Cybersecurity

The practice and technologies dedicated to protecting computer networks, electronic hardware, software, and digital data from digital attacks or unauthorized access.

The Golden Record

A gold-plated copper phonograph disc launched aboard the NASA Voyager spacecraft in 1977, containing curated sounds, images, and greetings in 55 languages to represent human culture to potential extraterrestrial life.

Generation gap

The variance in perspectives, social values, and technological habits separating older and younger age groups within a society.

Backshift

The systematic grammatical step backwards in tense applied to verbs in reported speech when a reporting verb is in the past tense (e.g., shifting Present Simple to Past Simple).

Shinrin-yoku

The Japanese concept of "forest bathing," established in the 1980s, which entails calm, mindful walking among trees to foster stress reduction and cardiovascular recovery without formal athletic exertion.

Blue Zones

Demographic regions across the world recognized for statistically unusual longevity and high concentrations of centenarians, attributed to plant-rich nutrition, natural daily motion, and tight-knit social networks.

Have something done

A causative grammatical pattern ($\text{have} + \text{object} + \text{past participle}$) specifying that a service, repair, or procedure is commissioned from an outside specialist rather than executed personally.

Hara hachi bu

A traditional Confucian-derived eating adage observed in Okinawa, Japan, advising individuals to stop consuming food when they reach eighty percent satiety.

Stand trial

To be officially prosecuted and judged in a court of law to establish guilt or innocence regarding alleged offenses.

Plead guilty

To enter a formal admission in court that one has committed the criminal charges filed by the prosecution.

Catch somebody red-handed

An idiom signifying the apprehension or discovery of a wrongdoer at the exact moment they are performing an illicit or forbidden act.

Parole

The supervised conditional release granted to a prison inmate prior to the full expiration of their custodial term.

Naruto v. Slater

A landmark 2015–2018 United States court battle determining whether a crested macaque monkey possessed statutory legal standing under the Copyright Act to hold copyright in self-taken photographs.

Voter turnout

The statistical percentage of registered or eligible citizens who cast ballots during an election.

Run for office

To officially campaign as a candidate seeking election to a political station or public representative seat.

Kate Sheppard

A prominent suffragist who spearheaded the campaign and organized the 1893 petition that made New Zealand the first self-governing nation where all adult women secured the right to vote in parliamentary elections.

Landsgemeinde

A historic open-air direct-democracy assembly practiced in select Swiss cantons, in which electors gather in a central square to vote on local legislation and budgets by a show of hands.

Used to vs. Be used to vs. Get used to

A trio of structures separating discontinued past habits ($\text{used to} + \text{infinitive}$), existing familiarity with a condition ($\text{be used to} + \text{-ing/noun}$), and the transitional process of adaptation ($\text{get used to} + \text{-ing/noun}$).

Spirit level

A hand tool containing a sealed liquid vial and an indicator air bubble, utilized to verify whether an object or surface is aligned horizontally or vertically.

Repair Café

A global grassroots initiative founded in Amsterdam in 2009 by Martine Postma, hosting free community gatherings where volunteer handymen assist citizens in fixing broken domestic items.

Phoebus cartel

An international cartel formed in 1924 by major light bulb manufacturers that standardized incandescent household bulb longevity at approximately 1,000 hours, recognized as an early instance of planned obsolescence.

Centennial Light

A carbon-filament incandescent light bulb situated in a Livermore, California fire station that was illuminated in 1901 and has operated for over one million hours, representing extreme durability.

Question tag

A brief mini-question added to the conclusion of an utterance using an auxiliary verb and subject pronoun to elicit confirmation, verify data, or soften requests.