hsci 204

Cohort studies begin by identifying a group of participants who do not have the __________ of interest.

disease

Cohort studies proceed from __________ to outcome.

exposure

Case-control studies start by identifying participants based on their __________ status.

disease

Case-control studies proceed from outcome to __________.

exposure

Exposure assessment identifies who is exposed to what in what __________.

amount

Toxicokinetics describes how the body processes toxic substances including absorption, distribution, __________, and excretion.

metabolism

The __________ is a method that determines hazard, exposure, and resulting risk.

risk assessment

Acute exposure refers to __________-term, high-concentration exposure over hours to days.

short

Chronic exposure involves __________-term, low-concentration exposure over years to a lifetime.

long

The exposure control hierarchy prioritizes interventions to reduce exposure starting with the most __________.

effective

Epidemiology investigates the effects of __________ on human populations.

exposures

A key measure of toxicity is LD50, which is the dose of a chemical that produces death in __________ percent of a test animal population.

50

Household air pollution is caused by indoor burning of __________.

unprocessed solid fuels

The IARC Working Group classified outdoor air pollution as __________ to humans based on sufficient evidence.

carcinogenic

Pesticides are substances used for preventing, destroying, __________, or mitigating pests.

repelling

Organophosphates are responsible for most pesticide poisonings and __________.

deaths

Glyphosate, commonly known as __________, is a widely used herbicide that has raised concerns regarding its carcinogenicity.

Roundup

The 'energy ladder' refers to the progression of fuel use from unprocessed solid fuels to cleaner energy __________ as economic development increases.

sources

Living near major roads is associated with increased __________ mortality.

cardiopulmonary

Action thresholds for deciding on interventions are based on the precautionary principle versus __________ causality.

definitive

The prevention paradox indicates that a large number of people at a small risk may result in more case of __________ than a small number at high risk.

disease