PSYC212-W11

What is development?

• Refers to age related changes that occur across the lifespan

• Happen in all domains (social, emotional, cognitive, physical)

• Follows a sequence, so disruption in one skill may disrupt further development of other skills

• Development can be

  • typical

  • atypical

What are neurodevelopmental disorders?

• These are disruptions in development that occur at a neurological level - we see the anatomical differences

• Deficits are explicitly linked to brain based functions

• Overlaps with development disorders, but more related to brain and its functions being disrupted in development

  Different neurological processes are related to different neurodevelopmental disorders

• These often emerge in childhood, so often for testing we need to see that it was present before age 12

• It is chronic prognosis

What is typical development?

• Developmental changes that occur in the expected sequence within the appropriate age ranges

What is atypical development?

• Development does not follow the sequence expected for the age range

What are the 7 neurodevelopmental disorders found in the DSM-5

• Intellectuals disabilities

• Autism spectrum disorder

• attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

• communication disorders - umbrella term

• Specific learning disorder - umbrella term

• Motor disorders - umbrella term

• Unspecified neurodevelopmental disorders

What are examples of communication disorders?

• Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)

• Social pragmatic communication disorder

• Language disorder

What is an example of a motor neurodeveolopmental disorder?

• Tourette’s disorder

What is ADHD?

• Criteria

  • A: Need to have either patterns of sub cat 1 or sub cat 2

  • Must happen before 12yrs old

  • Symptoms must occur

    • at least 6 mths and inconsistent with developmental level

    • impact academics, social and occupation

    • can’t be explained by other psychiatric disorders e.g. ptsd, anxeity, sld or id

    • occurs across multiple settings, not just school

      • Sub cat 1: inattention 6 or more

        • difficulty with attention

        • overlooking details

        • forgetfulness

        • distractibility

        • overlooking details and mistakes

        • difficulty regulating attention - unless special interest

      • sub cat 2: hyperactivity + impulsivity 6 or more

        • Interrupting others

        • restlessness (can be internal)

        • Excessive talking

        • Difficulty resting

        • Excessive running and climbing (seen as physical activity in adults)

        • Fidgeting

  • So essentially 3 types of ADHD

    • inattentive

    • impulsive and hyperactive

    • combined - both

  • Identification

    • often seen as 3-4 yrs

    • Overtime impulsiveness decreases but inattention decreases

    • 50% still experiences difficulties into adulthood

• See overlaps with ODD and bipolar

What is the prevalence of ADHD?

• 5-7% world wide

What are the gender differences in ADHD?

• Boys 2-3x more likely to be diagnosed

• Why

  • presentation of boys with ADHD is the more stereotypical, what we expect from ADHD

    • Boys = externalising

    • Girls = internalising

  • Focus based mainly on boys

What are the biological causes of ADHD?

• Genetic

  • Gene for DAT1 -codes for a gene that transports dopamine that takes it out of synapse. This allele is repeated leading to over expression therefore too much dopamine to taken out of synapse and less is available

  • D5 receptor gene - less sensitive to dopamine

  • D1: Follows inverted U curve - less sensitive to dopamine (less dopamine)

• Neurological

  • 3-4% smaller bran volume

• Environment plays small role

• Gene-environments interactions

  • Maternal smoking

  • Toxins

What are the environmental causes of ADHD?

What are some psychosocial interventions for ADHD?

What are biological interventions for ADHD?

What is specific learning disorder?

What is the prevalence of specific learning disorder?

What are the biological causes of specific learning disorders?

What are the neurological causes of specific learning disorder?

What are some educational interventions for SLD?

What is ASD?

What is the prevalence of ASD?

What are the biological causes of ASD?

What are the interventions for ASD?

What is intellectual developmental disorder?

What is the prevenance of intellectual developmental disorder?

What are the causes of intellectual development disorders?

What are some interventions and supports for those with intellectual disorders?