Napolean quiz 1

Campaign of 1796

context:

N gains fame from canon positions on high ground for advantage → popularity →threat to Directroy’s power →sent out to F army in Italy (Toulon)

definition:

-N serves own interest=gives Venice to Austria instead, makes NI part of F (sister republic) → Austria is upset but gives Belgium for an attempt at peace

-captures most of Northern Italy (gov wants to give Austria NI for Belguim, valueable for F because they need a buffer against B)

significance:

-N loses Directory trust because this was NOT their deal

-N steals/loots Church for expensive art/gold →directory and army

-N pays army w/ honor, glory, riches) → soldiers loyal to N

-opens museum from rev gov (modern day louvre) for all priceless stolen goods

connection:

N gains confidence, proves selfishness, brilliance

2nd Coalition

context:

European upset w/ F for war expansion

definition:

-N controls Egypt → control of trade →hurts GB (loses trade path w/ India)

-alliance between Ottoman Empire, Russia, Britain, Austria

signifiance:

-stops F from expanding

connection

-F army sails Easr → captures Alexandria (Aboukir Bay) → Egyptisn Campagin

Battle of the Pyrmaids

context

-F targets E for trade route control

--Mamelukes are powerful, bloodthirsty, won’t back down to F (“slice open their heads like watermelons in a fire”

definition

-desert conditions in Cairo affected army by sand/wind/lack of food/heat

-F wins battle using Hollow Infantry Spaure (cannons in corner for 360 coverage, soldiers on perimeter have bayonets) while Mamelukes only had horses and did not have technology to win

signifiance

France officially controls Egypt, wins through hardships/difficulties

context:

F feels power until campaign of Nile occurs days later

Battle of the Nile

context:

-British dominance is challaged

defintion

-British Admiral (leader) Noratio Nelson hunted down F troops (in Aboukir bay)

-sandwich them along coastline & blocks them from escape

signifance

-sunk many ships, most soldiers on land

-French fleet is destroyed & Napoleon army is cut off from Europe

-2nd coalition = strengthen bc war in Europe is disaster w/o N

-French ppl = oblivious, thinks N is still a hero

-British folk & newspapwe gives N war/Directroy updates

-N loses Egypt when he sails to France alone (Oct 1799), abandons army → soldiers die in E

connection:

-he returns to F as a hero because ppl only hear his perspective (coup d’etat)

Coup d’etat

-context: French people think N is a hero after Egyptain Campagin (oblivious of Battle of Nile)

-overthrows weak Directroy with gutns and soldiers (not used but threatened)

def: blow to the state (overthrow gov)

significance: creates The Consulate

1st Consul/Consulate

context: created after Egyptian campgain

definiton: creates The Consulate (3 man governing board that hays same corrupt issues as the directory)

-because of superiority -complex and hunger for power, names himself 1st Consul (only didn’t take immediate power because that would anger ppl)

rules from 1799-1804 as 1st Consul

significance: jobs:

-command army + navy (had prior expirence)

-appoint/dismess gov officials

-proposed new laws (N= legislutre, no true checks % balances)

connection:

people growing causcious/annoyed of N, and he needed approval of the people (Battle of Marnego)

Battle of Marengo

Context: French troops lost control of NIn to Austria (Co1796) while Napolian was in Egypt, needed it back

0wants to prove himself as first consul,

definition: soldiers netered through ST Bernard’s pass w/ single file, lots of snow. very slow

-unexpected for Austrians, N wants to prove doubters wrong

-wins, defeats Austria

significance: Austria loses, signs treaty, peace in France (first time in 10 yrs)

connection: 2nd coalition temporarily gone

Reforms

-conext: not emperor yet, still First Consul

definiton: plebiscites: (Y/N votes, makes F people fell important, even though they held no power) N inflated percentages to make approval rates higher, ex: one says he is consul for life

concordat of 1801; undoes chsitriaonzation

-lycees: exlcusive schools for males (received academic + military training)

merit based (off of test/fair)

-created Napoelnic code: enforces englightmen harmed women’s rights and infleunced Italy, Hall and, and US

Haitian Rev

-most important colony because of coffee and sugar prodcuation

-happens because Decleration of Rights of Men doesn’t apply to them

-salve revolt lead by Toussiant Louventure

-spain wants to control entire island, TL jouns Spain

-NC convention ends slavery, ends conflict, LT rejoins French

-TL becomes govenor-general for life, abolishes slavery, Napoelan sends 20,000 troops (feels threatened)

-French fights to regain control of Saint Domingur but are affected by deaths from yellow fever and they resinestes slavery in F empire

-F vgives up (yellow fever), SD declares indepedence, France is bankrupt

Lousiana Purchase

context: N=first consul

Freance loses Haiti, loses money, makrupt because of money they spend trying to refinance control,

definition: sells Lousiana territory to US for 15 mil

significance: fund erupeoan operations

context: funds Battle of Trafaglar

Napolean is officially emperor

-consule is abolished, herediry empire (nepotism)

-coalition rejoins (Austria, Russia, Britian)

Battle of Traflagar

context: N prepared to invade Britian but their channel is too well defended by British navy that he has to do the long through Trafalgar, off coast of SPain

definiton: Horatio Nelson defeats N off of Spain’s cpast

-sanwhichs French troops allied w/ Spain, they are sperated

-Britian has better navy + weaponds

significance; N focuses energy on land battles, 2nd major naval loss

connection:

Battle of Austerlitz

context: Napoelan after Britian, Russian, and Austrian territroy (and Spain)

defintion: France vs Austria/Russia

-N captures, Vienna, Austria

-lures enemy to fight in his place of choosing (valley)

-put # troops (2-1) France has more

-asks for armistice (agree to stop fighting to maybe create peace treaty, not definite)

-shows weak side of army to give other countries ego boost

-plan to leave high ground so austrian/Russian soldiers run across ice to get to high ground, shoots with cannon, many deaths

significance: people fear N

continteal system

context: N focused on Britian after Russian/AUstria defeatst (Austerlitz)

definiton: set up blockade (close ports by force) to prevent trade and communicatoin for GB and other Europeian countries (India)

-intwnt to make Europe self-sufficent + destroy Eurppean commerical/industrial economy

significance: -blockade not tight enough, smugglers get through with B help

-blockade disregarded by N friends + allies

-weakedned B, no full power stop

-B creates stronger blockade

-America mad about taxes and searches son ports, declares war on B

Peninsulae War

-context: F attempts to get Portugal to accept CS

defintion: invades Spain, ppl protest about new king (N brother, Joseph) intesneifed nationalistic feelings

-Spain worried N would attack Vhruhc since they were deeply reolgipous

0had guerrillas (pasent fighters that attacked in small sizes, ambushed, small groups, hiid)

significance:

Britian sends troops to help Spain

F only giths open battle, loses 300,000 men, weak

-Spain’s nationalism is a weapon to N

-more people turned against him

Russian campaign

-France allied with Russia but R refuses to stop selling grain to BG

N breaks alliance, invades Russia

-420,000 soldiers invade, Alexander (emperior of RUssia) pulls back troops, no battle

-scorned-earth polci: burms grain fields, slaughter cattlle, elimates anything of value to F

-Napolean enters Moscow, all burned down

-enetering cold months, no food, not prepared for weather, no shelter, N retreats, attacked on way home, end up with 10,00 solders

-major loss, no positives

War of Libertion

-context: N troops are attacked when retreating from Moscow

-10,000 (from 500,000) are left, killed due to fighting, food, supply, cold weather

-similar to Battle of the Nile (abandons troops, takes to horses/sleds back to Paris)

-implement draft to rebuild army (lacks strength + loyalty)

-definition: fight to free France from N

-Russia (invasion) , Britian (constant), Austria (constant), Prussia (went thru for R invasion) combine, form QA

-significance: focus on lengthening F supply and commincation lines

-attack flanks

-target Napolean’s subordinates (weaker than him)

Connection: Battle of Leipzig in War of Liberation

Battle of Leipzig

context: QA fights F in War of Liberation

definition: -F forces outnumbered 2-1 vs QA

-F troops followed treating forces, we trapped/surrounded)

-F plans for bridge explosion but happens too early, some left behind or die while crossing

-N defeated, big battle, big loss

significance: N empire under pressure across Europe, QA closing in on F

-QA creates Peace Proposal of 1813, allows N to stay in power (keeps France and Belguim, gives up all additional territroy)

-N never responds, interpret this as regection, offended

-connection: QA enters Paris, N decides to abdicate throne (chose destiny vs getting killed), exiled to Elba

Elba

context: -1813 Peace Proposal makes QA offended since N never accepted, invade Paris, N abdicated throne, exiled to Elba

definition: -ruled over Elba

significance: -nice situation considering circumstances, comfortable living

-connection: KL XVIII rules F

KL XVIII

contex: N exiled in Elba because QA invades Paris

-brother of KL XVI

definiton: becomes F king from couple months

-significance: polices undo either N or F rev actions:

cut salaries/(if old enough) force N army soliders to retire (no N loyalty)

replaced tricolor flag with just white (represents him/royalty)

-former nobles given gov positions (hard working commoners lose jobs)

connection: N comes back when he hears of KL XVIII faliure to make peace plan w/ Eurpe /unpopularity, KL flees

100 days

-context: starts once he escapes from Elba with help of guards (becomes Emperor again)

replaced KL XVIII who was unpopular, N met with warm reception

-definiton: time period where Napolean ruled, starting from his return to Elba from Battle of Waterloo (and sent to Mt Helena)

Waterloo

-context: when N comes back to France, QA wants to kill him

definition: QA gets together to attack French forces

-N attacks first for element of surprise, no sufficient planning time

-French fights Austria/Britian in Belguim. does not defeat them Austria/Britan troops retreat,

F doesn’t follow because mud/thunderstorm, British get high ground at Waterloo

-B leader panicks while waiting for Prussian reenforcements, N underestimates him (+ F army still wary of abandonment)

significance: Britian uses Hollow Infantry Square against him

Britian + Prussia defeat him within a day (embarrassing)

end of 100 days

-connection: N sent to St Helena

St Helena

-context: N loses B o Waterloo, abdicates throne to St Helena

-definition: way worse than Elba (bad weather and not easy to escape_

-significance: where N dies aft 6 yrs (presumably because of cancer)