Quizzam 4 4

Integument

The skin and its appendages, forming a protective covering.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

Granulation tissue

New connective tissue formed during wound healing.

Regeneration

Replacement of damaged tissue with the same type of cells.

Fibrosis

Formation of scar tissue.

Hematopoiesis

Production of blood cells in bone marrow.

Epiphysis

End part of a long bone.

Metaphysis

Region between epiphysis and diaphysis, includes growth plate.

Epiphyseal line

Remnant of the growth plate in adults.

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone.

Endosteum

Thin membrane lining the bone’s internal cavity.

Periosteum

Outer covering of bone.

Osteoprogenitor cells

Bone stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Cells that build bone.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone.

Bone formation

The process of forming new bone tissue.

Calcification

Deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

Bone resorption

Breakdown of bone tissue by osteoclasts.

Intramembranous ossification

Bone development from mesenchymal tissue.

Endochondral ossification

Bone development from cartilage.

Interstitial growth

Growth in length of cartilage and bone.

Appositional growth

Growth in width of cartilage and bone.

Chondroblasts

Cartilage-forming cells.

Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells.

Mechanical stress

Physical force affecting bone growth and remodeling.

Calcitonin

Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hormone that raises blood calcium levels.

Vitamin D3

Precursor to active vitamin D.

Calcidiol

Intermediate in vitamin D metabolism.

Calcitriol

Active form of vitamin D, regulates calcium absorption.

Bone fracture

A break in a bone.

Fibrocartilaginous callus

Temporary repair tissue in bone healing.

Hard callus

Hardened repair tissue in bone healing.

Bone remodeling

Replacement of old bone with new bone.

Osteopenia

Reduced bone density.

Osteoporosis

Severe bone density loss, increasing fracture risk.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin.

Dermis

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis containing connective tissue.

Hypodermis

The layer of tissue beneath the dermis.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis where cell division occurs.

Stratum spinosum

A layer of the epidermis above the stratum basale.

Stratum granulosum

Layer of the epidermis where keratinization begins.

Stratum lucidum

Layer only present in thick skin, providing an additional barrier.

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of dead skin cells.

Accessory structures

Hair, nails, and glands associated with the skin.

Mechanical stress effect on bones

Increased stress strengthens bones; decreased stress weakens bones.

Homeostasis when calcium is too high

Thyroid releases calcitonin → osteoblasts deposit calcium in bone.

Homeostasis when calcium is too low

Parathyroid releases PTH → osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium.

Simple fracture

A type of fracture where the bone breaks but does not pierce the skin.

Compound fracture

A fracture where the bone pierces through the skin.

Comminuted fracture

A fracture where the bone is shattered into multiple pieces.

Greenstick fracture

An incomplete fracture in which the bone bends.

Steps of bone repair

Fracture hematoma → fibrocartilaginous callus → hard callus → bone remodeling.