Pharma

What are the first-line antidepressants for anxiety disorders?

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

Which antidepressant should be avoided in patients with seizures?

Bupropion

What is the first-line treatment for an obese patient with depression?

Bupropion

Which antidepressant is commonly used for patients experiencing loss of appetite due to epilepsy?

Mirtazapine

What neurotransmitter system do most antidepressants act on?

Postsynaptic serotonin receptors.

What is the primary use of Mirtazapine in psychiatric conditions?

Insomnia and weight gain.

Which antidepressant is safe to use during pregnancy?

Sertraline.

What type of antidepressants can cause arrhythmias?

TCA (Tricyclic Antidepressants) such as Amitriptyline.

What is the mechanism of action for MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)?

They inhibit the breakdown of monoamines, increasing neurotransmitter levels.

Name a selective MAO-A inhibitor.

Moclobemide.

What are the two main classes of antipsychotics?

Typical (1st generation) and Atypical (2nd generation) antipsychotics.

Which antipsychotic is associated with agranulocytosis?

Clozapine.

What is the first-line treatment for acute mania in bipolar disorder?

Valproate or Lithium with an antipsychotic.

Which medication can be used to treat tardive dyskinesia?

Valbenazine.

What is the primary mechanism of action of SSRIs?

Increase serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft.

What are common side effects of paroxetine?

Weight gain and sedation.

What is an effective treatment for neuropathic pain?

Duloxetine.

How long of a washout period is required when switching from another antidepressant to an MAOI?

Two weeks, except for Fluoxetine.

What is the mechanism of action of Bupropion?

Inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.

What is the preferred treatment for a pregnant patient with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?

Levetiracetam and Lamotrigine.

What is the first-line treatment for acute asthma?

SABA (Short-Acting Beta-Agonist) like Albuterol.

Which inhaled medication should NOT be used as monotherapy in asthma?

LABA (Long-Acting Beta-Agonist).

What class of medications are used as maintenance treatment in asthma?

Inhaled corticosteroids.

What is the pharmacological action of aminophylline?

It is a methylxanthine that relieves bronchospasm.

What is the mechanism of action of salmeterol?

Selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist.

Which medication is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment?

Metformin.

What is the standard treatment for hypertension in pregnant women?

Methyldopa.

What enzyme is inhibited by Aspirin?

Cyclooxygenase (COX).

What is the mechanism of action of statins?

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis.

What medication is used to treat hypertension during a hypertensive crisis?

Hydralazine.

What bone density test is used to diagnose osteoporosis?

DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry).

What agents can be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

DMARDs (Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs).

What is the DOC for acute gout attack?

Indomethacin.

What is the primary medication used in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?

ACE inhibitors.

What potential side effect does clozapine require monitoring for?

Agranulocytosis.

What is the first-line drug for generalized anxiety disorder?

SSRIs.

How often should thyroid function tests be performed when a patient is on levothyroxine?

Every 6-12 months.

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the calcium balance?

They can lead to decreased calcium absorption, increasing risk of osteoporosis.

What hormone regulates calcium levels in the body?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Which medication might cause a black-box warning for causing bone marrow suppression?

Hydroxyurea.

What is the mechanism by which ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure?

They inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

What are the first signs of lithium toxicity?

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

What disease is characterized by destruction of dopaminergic neurons?

Parkinson's disease.

What is the preferred opioid for chronic pain management?

Morphine.

What are the common side effects of NSAIDs?

GI irritation, bleeding, renal impairment.

Which hormone is primarily affected by estrogen?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).

What is an essential vitamin for calcium absorption?

Vitamin D.

What is the DOC for severe allergic reactions?

Epinephrine.

Which antibiotic is contraindicated in pregnant women?

Tetracycline.

What method is used for sterilization that employs high-pressure steam?

Autoclaving.

What medication can worsen hyperkalemia?

ACE inhibitors.

Which class of drugs is used primarily to treat depression and anxiety?

SSRIs.

What must be monitored in patients taking clozapine?

White blood cell count (WBC).

What are the symptoms of serotonin syndrome?

Agitation, confusion, rapid heart rate, hypertension, tremors.

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance?

Type 2 diabetes.

What type of breathing is characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

Kussmaul respirations.

Which medication reduces uric acid levels in chronic gout?

Allopurinol.

Infection control measures during a procedure include what?

Sterilization of instruments.

What is considered first-line therapy for hypertension in patients with diabetes?

ACE inhibitors.

Which vitamin deficiency is commonly associated with alcohol abuse?

Thiamine (Vitamin B1).

What is the preferred treatment for hypertension emergency?

IV nitroprusside or labetalol.

What is the primary action of beta-blockers?

Reduce heart rate and contractility.

What is a common side effect of lithium therapy?

Tremor.

What kind of therapy is recommended for patients with moderate to severe asthma?

Long-term controllers such as inhaled corticosteroids.

What key lab test is performed to assess the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy?

PT/INR.

What is the primary concern with using SSRIs during pregnancy?

Potential risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn.

According to the Will Rogers phenomenon, what happens to the perceived health status of a population?

Health status can appear to improve when patients move between categories of health.

What action is necessary when switching from an SSRI to an MAOI?

A washout period is required.

What is the treatment goal for managing diabetes?

Maintain A1C below 7%.

What dietary adjustment is recommended to manage hypertension?

DASH diet.

Which medication can be used as an alternative to traditional antipsychotics for schizophrenia?

Aripiprazole.

How do fibrates lower triglyceride levels?

By enhancing the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.

What drug class should not be combined with aspirin due to increased bleeding risk?

Anticoagulants.

What symptom may indicate valproic acid toxicity?

Sedation or lethargy.

Which drug can cause a disulfiram-like reaction?

Metronidazole.

What is the first step in managing anaphylaxis?

Administer epinephrine.

What condition is characterized by widespread muscle pain?

Fibromyalgia.

What can protect against the side effects of amphotericin B?

Prehydration and liposomal formulation.

In managing heart failure, what should be the primary goal?

Improve symptoms and quality of life.

To whom is the principle of 'first do no harm' most applicable?

All healthcare providers.

Which electrolyte abnormality is often seen in patients taking thiazide diuretics?

Hypokalemia.

Which antibiotics are useful for treating MRSA infections?

Vancomycin and Linezolid.

What is a primary use of glucocorticoids?

To reduce inflammation.

What dietary component should be limited in patients with gout?

Purine-rich foods.

What mechanism underlies the action of corticosteroids?

They inhibit the accumulation of inflammatory cells.

What class of drugs is commonly used for chronic migraine prophylaxis?

Beta-blockers.

What is the main action of the medication donepezil?

Increase acetylcholine levels in Alzheimer's patients.

What psychological treatment can benefit patients with mood disorders?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

What is a recommended treatment for hyperlipidemia?

Statins.

Management of opioid overdose involves what initial treatment?

Naloxone administration.

Antineoplastic agents often require monitoring for what major side effect?

Neutropenia.

What should be monitored when prescribing carbamazepine?

Complete blood count (CBC) for agranulocytosis.

What is the most effective treatment for iron-deficiency anemia?

Oral iron supplements.

What should patients taking anticoagulants avoid doing?

Engaging in contact sports.

What is the recommended treatment for severe hypoglycemia?

Oral glucose or parenteral dextrose.

What medication class is indicated for treating anaphylaxis?

Adrenergic agonists.

What B vitamin must be supplemented in patients taking isoniazid?

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6).