EMATH 214 Module 1 - Engineering Data Analysis Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards based on Module 1 of EMATH 214 (Engineering Data Analysis) taught by Engr. Trishia Mae E. Patalinghug.

Statistics

The science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data to provide a structured way to make decisions based on facts.

Descriptive Statistics

Brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set, broken down into measures of central tendency and measures of variability.

Inferential Statistics

Techniques that allow the use of samples to make generalizations about the population from which the samples were drawn.

Sampling

The process of selecting a representative sample from a population to accurately make generalizations about that population.

Qualitative Variable

A variable that describes the quality or character of something.

Quantitative Variable

A variable that describes the amount or number of something.

Discrete Variable

A quantitative variable that is countable.

Continuous Variable

A quantitative variable that is measurable using a continuous scale.

Survey

A direct data gathering method using questionnaires, polls, and interviews to collect qualitative data based on opinions, beliefs, and personal observations.

Experiments

A data gathering method utilizing scientific and systematic extraction of data by separating respondents into an experimental or manipulated group and a controlled group.

Textual Data Presentation

A method of presenting data using descriptive text and numbers together, best suited for small amounts of data or highlighting key context.

Tabular Data Presentation

A method of arranging data systematically in rows and columns using table numbers, titles, column headers, row stubs, and the data body.

Graphical Data Presentation

A method of converting numbers into visual shapes or pictures to make trends and patterns easy to see briefly.

Measure of Central Tendency

A single precise value used to identify the center or typical representative value of a data distribution.

Mean

The most common measure of the center, also known as the arithmetic average.

Median

The measure of central tendency that divides data observations into two equal parts.

Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a data set, also known as the nominal average.

Measure of Location

A measure that summarizes a data set by giving a value within the range of data values that describes its location relative to the entire array.

Array

A data set arranged according to magnitude.

Minimum

The smallest value in a data set, denoted as MIN.

Maximum

The largest value in a data set, denoted as MAX.

Percentile

Numerical measures that give the relative position of a data value relative to the entire data set by dividing an array into 100 equal parts.

Deciles

Measures denoted by $D_j$ that divide an array into ten equal parts, each containing ten percent of the distribution.

Quartiles

Measures denoted by $Q_j$ that divide an array into four equal parts, each containing 25% of the distribution.

Range

The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set ($R = \text{MAX} - \text{MIN}$).

Variance

A measure of variability that calculates the average of the squared differences between each data point and the mean.

Standard Deviation

The square root of the variance, measured in the same units as the data for easier interpretation.