AP HUG Unit 3 Review

Denomination

A subgroup within a branch of a religion.

Branch

A major division within a religion.

Sect

A smaller group separated from an established religious tradition.

Congregation

A local group of people who worship together.

Animism

Belief that natural objects and living things possess spirits.

Religious diffusion

The spread of religion from one place to another.

Relocation diffusion

People migrate and bring their religion or culture to new places.

Expansion diffusion

A trait spreads outward while remaining established in its original hearth.

Contagious diffusion

A trait spreads through direct contact between people.

Hierarchical diffusion

A trait spreads through influential people places or institutions.

Pilgrimage

A religious journey to a sacred place.

Caste system

A hereditary system of social groups traditionally associated with Hindu society.

Religious fundamentalism

Strict adherence to basic religious principles and traditional beliefs.

Religion in communism

Some communist governments have restricted religious institutions or expression.

Buddhist pagoda

A structure containing relics associated with Buddhist practice.

Hindu temple

A shrine dedicated to one or more Hindu gods.

Utopian settlement

An ideal community built around a particular way of life.

Hierarchical religion

A religion with an organized geographic and administrative structure.

Autonomous religion

A religion organized around shared beliefs without formal territorial hierarchy.

Mecca

Islam's holiest city and destination of the Hajj pilgrimage.

Medina

The city where Muhammad's first followers gathered and where he is buried.

Jerusalem

A city sacred to Judaism Christianity and Islam.

Western Wall

An important Jewish holy site in Jerusalem.

Dome of the Rock

An important Islamic shrine in Jerusalem.

1967 Six-Day War

Israel captured several territories including East Jerusalem and the West Bank.

1973 Yom Kippur War

Egypt and Syria launched an attack against Israel.

Culture complex

A group of related cultural traits that form one recognizable pattern.

Culture realm

A large area where people share major cultural characteristics.

Culture landscape

The visible imprint of human culture on the natural environment.

Culture hearth

A place where a cultural trait or cultural practice originates.

Vernacular culture region

A region people perceive as having a shared identity based on local feelings and beliefs.

Cultural transition zone

An area where one culture region gradually changes into another.

Cultural ecology

The study of how people adapt to and interact with their environment.

Cultural relativism

Understanding a culture by its own standards rather than judging it by another culture's standards.

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

Centripetal force

A factor that unifies people and strengthens a country's cohesion.

Centrifugal force

A factor that divides people and weakens a country's unity.

Habit

A repetitive act performed by an individual.

Custom

A repetitive practice shared by a group.

Indigenous

Originating in and belonging naturally to a particular place.

Local culture

Cultural practices and beliefs characteristic of a relatively small community or place.

Sequent occupance

The idea that successive groups leave cultural imprints on a place over time.

Traditional architecture

Building styles using locally available materials and reflecting local culture and traditions.

Modern architecture

Building design emphasizing modern materials technology function and simplified forms.

Postmodern architecture

Architecture that mixes styles and historical references often using playful or decorative elements.

Ethnicity

A shared cultural identity based on common ancestry history language or traditions.

Race

A socially constructed category often based on perceived physical traits.

Nationality

A person's legal membership in a nation or identification with a nation.

Census

An official count and survey of a population usually conducted by a government.

Ethnic neighborhood

An urban area where a particular ethnic group is concentrated.

Ethnic enclave

A place where an ethnic group maintains a distinct cultural presence and support network.

Toponyms

Place names that often reveal cultural historical or environmental influences.

Gender roles

Social expectations about behaviors and responsibilities associated with gender.

Stimulus expansion diffusion

A cultural idea spreads but the receiving culture changes or adapts the idea.

Indo-European

A major language family that includes languages such as English Spanish Hindi and Russian.

Hearth

A place where an idea innovation or cultural trait originates.

Language family

A group of languages descended from a common ancestral language.

Colonialism

Establishing and maintaining control over another territory and its people often through settlement.

Imperialism

A policy or practice of extending a country's power over other territories or peoples.

Creolization

The blending of languages or cultural elements into a new distinct form.

Lingua franca

A common language used for communication between people with different native languages.

Pidgin

A simplified contact language developed for communication between groups without a shared language.

Dialect

A regional or social variety of a language with distinct vocabulary pronunciation or grammar.

Globalization

Increasing interconnectedness of places through flows of people goods information and ideas.

Cultural convergence

The process by which cultures become more alike through interaction and shared influences.

Cultural divergence

The process by which cultures become less alike or maintain distinct identities.

Internet

A global network that enables rapid communication and spread of information and cultural ideas.

Time-space convergence

The reduction in the time required to travel or communicate across distance.

Diffusion

The spread of an idea innovation or cultural trait from one place or group to another.

Monotheism

Belief in one god.

Polytheism

Belief in multiple gods.

Universalizing religion

A religion that seeks converts and aims to appeal to people everywhere.

Christianity

A monotheistic universalizing religion based on the teachings and life of Jesus Christ.

Buddhism

A religion and philosophy based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama the Buddha.

Islam

A monotheistic universalizing religion based on belief in Allah and the teachings of Muhammad.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded in Punjab emphasizing devotion to one God and equality.

Ethnic religion

A religion closely tied to a particular ethnic group culture or place; generally does not seek converts.

Judaism

A monotheistic ethnic religion rooted in the history traditions and covenant of the Jewish people.

Hinduism

A diverse largely ethnic religion originating in South Asia with varied beliefs and practices.

Acculturation

Adopting some traits of another culture while retaining aspects of one's original culture.

Assimilation

The process by which a group becomes absorbed into a dominant culture often losing distinct traits.

Syncretism

The blending of beliefs or practices from different cultural or religious traditions.

Multiculturalism

The coexistence and recognition of multiple cultural groups within a society.