Ecosystems And Pops

Biology

The study of living organisms (Individual living things)

Metabolism

Chemical reactions that occur in an organism

Homeostasis

When Organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment ( EX. Hydration, Temperature, PH, Ion Balance)

Evolution and Natural Selection

Populations of organisms changing over time with varying traits that "Nature Selects”in order to benefit an organisms in a particular environment

8 Characteristics of Life

1. Made up of one or more cells (Complex organization)

2. Obtains and uses energy

3. Responds to the environment

4. Regulates its internal environment

5. Grows and Develops

6. Reproduces allowing species to evolve

Living Or Nonliving

Living organisms are unified by all containing DNA molecules made of similar materials and have the same genetic code which makes proteins. They also go through evolutionary changes. If it dosen't follow the 8 characteristics of life it is nonliving.

Scientific Theory Vs Law

A Scientific Law describes what happened in a phenomenon while a Scientific theory shows what happened and elaborates

Scientific Method Elements

The Scientific method is the method of asking and answering questions.

1. The Problem or question based on observations

2. Hypothesis. An If then statement based on your observations

3. An experiment- A controlled test of the hypothesis

4. Results on a type of graph

5. Conclusion, Analysis of Results And checking Errors and the Validity of your predictions

Experimental Design Components

• Goal of the Investigation

  • Problem

  • Hypothesis (If, then, because)

• Experimental Design 

  • Variables (IV, DV, Control Group, Constants)

  • Procedure

• Data Presentations

  • Data Tables

  • Graphs 

  • Metric System (English vs. metric)

• prefixes and units

• metric conversion

• Measuring length, volume, and mass

• Conclusion

• Reflection

  • Data Validity

  • Experimental Improvements

Microscope Parts and Funxtions

Calculating Total magnification of Microscope

You multiply the Magnifying power of the Ocular lens by the Power of the Objective Lens

Ecology

The part of Biology that studies the interactions among organisms and their environment

Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Biotic= Living- Organisms, Parasites, Trees, Grass, Bacteria,

Abiotic= Nonliving- Sunlight, Water, Soil, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Wind

Biodiversity

The Number of the variety of living things in an ecosystem

Levels of Organization/Hierarchy

Populations/Communities/Ecosystems

• Population:  all individuals of a single species that live within a certain area 

• Community:  all of the populations of organisms within a certain area 

• Ecosystem:  a community and its physical environment 

Autotrophs

Autotrophs are the primary producer. They make complex substances (Protein, Fats, Nucleic acids) from simple ones like Water and oxygen

Heterotrophs

Heterotrophs are consumers and must eat other organisms to obtain complex substances. For example primary and secondary consumers, Herbivores, Ominores, and Carnivores. Nutrients in food eaten by Heterotrophs make ATP

Habitat

Place where organism lives

Niche

A species role in the community

Food Chains

Food Chain: A chain of whom eats whom multiple trophic levels

Food web

A web of whom eats who (Multiple food Webs)

Tropic Levels Energy levels

The different feeding levels in a food chain or a food web. 10% of energy gets passes from one trophic level to the next while the other 90% is already used. Producers start with the most energy, Tertiary consumers have the least

Primary Productivity

The rate at which producers capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Ecological Periods

Shows organisms at each trophic level

Matter Recycling:  Carbon/Oxygen Cycle 

Reverse processes 

Limiting Factors

The size of a Population can be limited by the amount of different resources for example Food Water, Habitat.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size of  a species that an environment can support over time with the resources available

Birth/ Death Rates

How many organisms are being born vs dying in an environment. Low/ High/ Zero population Growth

Immigration/ Emmigration

Immigration- Moving to another Ecosystem 

Emigration- Leaving an ecosystem

Competition

The Struggle between two organisms trying to attain the same limited resources

Predation

The Act of one organism pursuing and consuming another

Symbiotic relationships

One species living in or on another species

Mutualism

Both species Benefit

Commensalism

One species benefit, the other is neither benefited nor Harmed

Parasitism

One species benefits one is harmed

Primary succession

Community develops a lifeless area without Soil

Secondary Succession

Damaged Community develops in area with intact soil

Pioneer Species

The first organism to live in an area where little or no life exists

Lichens

Organisms made up of fungus living together with algae or Cyanobacteria

Humus

The dark nutrient rich material in soil formed from decomposed plants and animals