Physical Fitness, Health Screening, and Exercise Monitoring

Vocabulary flashcards covering physical fitness definitions, health-related and skill-related fitness components, pre-exercise screening instruments, exercise monitoring techniques, and maximal heart rate equations.

Physical Fitness

The ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and meet unforeseen emergencies; or a set of attributes or characteristics that people have or achieve related to the ability to perform physical activity (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1985).

Health-Related Fitness Components (HRFC)

Components of physical fitness designated for improving health, wellness, and quality of life, which can also enhance physical performance (flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and body composition).

Flexibility

A health-related fitness component defined as the range of motion around a joint.

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

A health-related fitness component involving aerobic capacity and the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained bodily effort.

Muscular Strength

A health-related fitness component that measures the maximal amount of force or effort a muscle can exert.

Muscular Endurance

A health-related fitness component referring to the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated or sustained contractions without undue fatigue.

Body Composition

A health-related fitness component that evaluates the relative distribution of body tissues, specifically comparing lean body mass to fat mass.

Skill-Related Fitness Components (SRFC)

Components that are essential to athletic performance and the ability to perform activities of daily living, consisting of agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.

Agility

A skill-related fitness component defined as the ability to move from one place to another and rapidly change bodily direction.

Balance

A skill-related fitness component involving the maintenance and control of body positioning while stationary or moving.

Coordination

A skill-related fitness component defined as the ability to integrate sensory inputs together with body parts during bodily movements.

Power

A skill-related fitness component defined as the rate at which work is performed, representing the product of force and speed to move quickly.

Reaction Time

A skill-related fitness component that measures the time elapsed between the presentation of a sensory stimulus and the initiation of a motor response.

Speed

A skill-related fitness component defined as the ability to perform a motor movement or travel along a straight path within a short period of time.

Physical Activity

Any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase over resting energy expenditure.

Exercise

A type of physical activity consisting of planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness.

Pre-Exercise Screening Factors

Three critical points to evaluate prior to starting an exercise program or increasing intensity: current activity level, signs and symptoms of certain diseases, and planned exercise intensity.

PAR-Q+ (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire)

An updated self-guided preparticipation health screening tool (or professional supplemental resource) that features additional follow-up questions to tailor pre-exercise recommendations based on medical history and symptomatology.

IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire)

A self-report, paper-pencil or oral assessment for individuals aged $15\,\text{years}$ and older that uses a 7-day recall of activity and sitting time to estimate total physical activity in $\text{MET-min/week}$.

Talk Test

A practical method used to gauge exercise intensity based on speech ability; steady conversation indicates moderate intensity, whereas an intensity where only one or two words at a time are sustainable indicates vigorous intensity.

Perceived Effort

A subjective method used to monitor and gauge how hard an exercise session feels to the individual.

Heart Rate Method

An objective exercise intensity monitoring method where moderate intensity is estimated at $65\text{--}71.5\%\,\text{HR}_{\max}$ and vigorous exercise is estimated at $76\text{--}96\%\,\text{HR}_{\max}$.

Target Heart Rate Formula

The mathematical formula used to determine target training heart rate: $\text{Target HR} = (220 - \text{age}) \times \%\text{HR}_{\max}$.

Fox et al. Equation

The maximal heart rate estimation equation $\text{HR}_{\max} = 220 - \text{age}$, developed based on observations in a small group of men and women.

Astrand Equation

The maximal heart rate estimation formula $\text{HR}_{\max} = 216.6 - (0.84 \times \text{age})$, derived from healthy men and women aged $4\text{--}34\,\text{years}$.

Tanaka et al. Equation

The maximal heart rate prediction equation $\text{HR}_{\max} = 208 - (0.7 \times \text{age})$, developed for healthy men and women.

Gellish et al. Equation

The maximal heart rate prediction equation $\text{HR}_{\max} = 207 - (0.7 \times \text{age})$, derived from adult fitness program participants across a broad range of ages and fitness levels.

Gulati et al. Equation

The maximal heart rate prediction equation $\text{HR}_{\max} = 206 - (0.88 \times \text{age})$, established for asymptomatic middle-aged women referred for stress testing.