AP Bio Carbon, Functional Groups, and the Polymer Principle
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10 Terms
Why does carbon matter to biology?
it is tetrahedral. It is allowed to form 4 covalent bonds, creating the complex backbone shapes (rings, chains, and branches) necessary for life.
What bonds do carbons form?
it forms strong, stable covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur (CHNOPS).
How does Hydroxyl (-OH) affect a molecule’s behavior? Is it polar or nonpolar?
It makes molecules soluble in water. It is polar.
How does Carbonyl (C=O) affect a molecule’s behavior? Is it polar or nonpolar?
It is found in sugars. It is polar
How does Carboxyl (-COOH) affect a molecule’s behavior? Is it polar or nonpolar?
It is highly polar and acts as an acid (donates H+). It is an essential component of amino acids.
How does amino (-NH₂) affect a molecule’s behavior? Is it polar or nonpolar?
It is polar and acts as a base (H+ acceptor). It is an essential component of amino acids.
How does Phosphate (-PO₄²⁻) affect a molecule’s behavior? Is it polar or nonpolar?
Phosphate is highly polar, negatively charged. It is crucial for energy transfer (ATP) and the backbone of DNA/RNA.
How does Methyl (-CH₃) affect a molecule’s behavior? Is it polar or nonpolar?
It is nonpolar. It is the LEAST reactive of all the groups and helps regulate gene expression. When added, impacts function.
How does Sulfhydryl (-SH) affect a molecule’s behavior? Is it polar or nonpolar?
It is nonpolar so it is less soluble. These groups stabilize structure of proteins