BIO 1220L Practical 1
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Analogous traits are formed via ____ evolution.
Convergent
Traits shared by all of the taxa within the phylogeny are called ____.
Symplesiomorphy
A node with multiple taxon branching off of it
A polytomy
Two taxa with a common ancestor at the point the two lineages diverges
Sister taxa
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p + q = 1
How many alleles does each organism have for a gene?
2 alleles
What size of a population would mostly likely be affected by genetic drift?
Small size population
Microbiologists study bacteria and archaea by____ and/ or ____.
Microscopy; culturing
What are the morphology types of bacteria spirillum colonies?
Coccus, spiral, chain
What is the correct way to format genus and species?
Genus should be italicized (underlined if handwritten) and have a capitalized letter, species should be italicized (underlined if handwritten)
What are the morphology types of bacteria cyanobacteria colonies?
Coccus, spiral, chain
What are the morphology types of bacteria bacillus colonies?
Rod, chain
What are the morphology types of bacteria clostridium?
Rod, single
What are the morphology types of archea?
Coccus, staph
Which nutrient do root nodules help obtain?
Nitrogen
The presence of ________ in a bacterial cell wall makes a gram stain purple.
Peptidoglycan
The number of species present is Species _____.
Richness
How equally the individuals are distributed among the different species present is Species_____.
Evenness
The Shannon Index equation:
H' = -Σˢ(pi ln pi)
How does ciliated protozoan move? (Ex. paramecium)
Cilia
Where does Trichonympha live?
In termite stomachs
How does an amoeba move?
Pseudopodia
What animal-like protist infects human red blood cells?
Plasmodium
What plant-like unicellular freshwater algae protist has one flagellum and a light-sensitive stigma?
Euglena
What does plasmodial slime mold feed on?
Oatmeal; dead organic matter
What makes up the wall of diatoms?
Silica
What makes up the wall of dinoflagellates?
Cellulose "armor"
What kind of lichen has branched stems?
Fruticose
Name the green spherical shaped spiked organelles?
Volvox
How do dinoflagellates and diatoms obtain energy?
Photosynthesize
Name the green spherical shaped spiked protists?
Volvox
What is ploidy level of sporophytes?
Diploid (2n)
What two phyla are gametophyte dominant?
Hepaticophyta and bryophyta
Bryophytes rely on ____ to transport their gametes.
Water
______have pores for gas exchange and gemma cups for reproduction
Hepaticophyta/ Liverworts
_____tissue allow plants to grow upright
Vascular
Selaginella (resurrection plant) is in what phylum?
Lycophyta; club mosses
The Whisk fern is in what phylum?
Psilotophyta
Which part of the plant is responsible for photosynthesis in horsetails?
Stems and branches, no chlorophyll in leaves
What part of the fern (pteridophyta) contains the sporangia?
The Sori, which are sometimes covered by the indusium
The elongated strobili of cycadophyta is _____
Male
The short squat strobili of cycadophyta is______
Female
Two ways fungi feed:
Parasitic and saprophytic (scavenger)
What kind of lichen growth form is flat and crusty?
Crustose
What kind of lichen has ruffled leaves?
Foliose
What kind of lichen has branched stems?
Fruitcose
What type of reproduction involves basidiospores and basidium?
Sexual reproduction of basidiomycota
What benefit does the fungus receive in mycorrhizal relationships?
Carbs and sugars from the plant
What are the lines and buds on a conidia fungi slide?
Conidia are the buds and conidiophore are the lines
What does saprophytic mean?
Scavenger, Lives on dead things
What is the typical leaf cellular structure?
Mesomorphic
What is the leaf cellular structure of plants living in dry environments?
Xeromorphic
What is the leaf cellular structure of plants living in aquatic environments?
Hydromorphic
What is a dicot leaf? Give an example
A leaf with no bulliform cells and has a net-vein pattern. Ex. Cauliflower
What is a monocot leaf? Give an example
A leaf with bulliform cells, a vascular bundle, and a parallel-vein pattern. Ex. Corn
What phylum is a horsetail?
Sphenophyta
What phylum is a moss?
Bryophyta
What phylum is a geranium?
Anthophyta
What phylum is lycopodium?
Lycophyta
What phylum is a fern in?
Pteridophyta
What phylum is a redwood in?
Coniferphyta
What structure encloses the flower prior to blooming?
The Sepals
What structure consists of all the flowers sepals?
The Calyx
What structure consists of all the flowers petals?
The Corolla
What structure is the combination of the calyx and the corolla?
The Perianth
What is the female part of the flower called?
The carpal/ pistil
The female part of the flower has the tip/_____, stalk/_____, which leads to the ______ which houses the eggs/____.
Stigma, style, ovary, ovule.
The male part of the flower is called the _____ which has a tip/____and stalk/____.
Stamen, anther, filament
The base of flower structures is called the ____.
Receptacle
The part of the flower that connects it to the stem is called the ____.
Pedicel
Synapomorphy:
A shared derived trait
Symplesiomorphy:
A shared ancestral trait
Type of trait resulting from divergent evolution:
Homologous trait
Type of trait resulting from convergent evolution:
Analogous trait
What does the trend of genetic drift look like?
One trait survives while the other one dies out
What does the trend of gene flow look like?
The allelic frequencies should equal out because they mix and integrate.
*How are extremophiles studied?
Enrichment cultures--because specific conditions are needed
How are protists classified?
By their method of obtaining nutrition
How are plants classified?
Vascular/nonvascular
Ploidy level (Sporophyte, 2n) (Gametophyte, n)
*Which gymnosperm cycle leaves with season?
Ginkgophyta/ Ginkgoes
*Each fungal cell wall has this
Polysaccharide chitin
*What proteins and ability do fungi use to digest?
Enzymes and absorption
Fungi are classified by modes of ______.
Sexual reproduction
Zygomycota sexual reproduction: ________ houses ______ that undergo meiosis yielding haploid _______.
Zygosporangium, zygospores, zygomycete
Basidiomycota sexual reproduction: Club shaped cells, ____________ bear ________.
Basidium, basidiospores
Ascomycota sexual reproduction: ________ houses a microscopic the structure ______ where ______ are formed
Ascocarp, ascus, ascospores
How do lichens obtain energy?
By mutualistic relationship with a photosynthetic cyanobacteria or algae
How fungi reproduce asexually
Fragmentation
Where do parasitic fungi reside? With respect to the plant cell and why?
Inside plant cell in order to steal nutrients
What leaf cell structure houses xylem and phloem?
Vascular bundle (found on monocots)
What leaf cell structure absorbs and stores water? (monocots only)
Bulliform cells
What leaf cell structure closes and opens stomata, controlling gas exchange?
Guard cells
What leaf cell structure makes plants difficult to eat?
Trichosclereids
How do you calculate species evenness (J)?
H'/ Hmax or Shannon Index divided by max number of species [ln(s)]
In a bundle sheath cell, how are the phloem and xylem positioned?
Xylem on top, phloem on bottom
What are the Hardy-Weinberg conditions that prevent a new genotype from causing population evolution?
No gene mutation
Random mating
No gene flow
Large population size
No natural selection
What is the only unicellular fungi?
Yeast
What is the only unicellular protist type?
Animal-like
Prokaryotes morphological diversity: Coccus (round) types:
Single, pair, tetrad, chain, staph
Prokaryotes morphological diversity: Bacillus (rod) types:
Rod, single, chain
