BIO 290 Exam 3

What does “hip” refer to

The Os Coxae - Knee

What does “leg” refer to

Knee-Foot

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

Scapula and clavicle

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

The Os Coxae + Sacrum

The radius is — to the ulna

lateral

T/F the radius attached on the thumb side of the hand

True

T/F the tibia is larger and medial to the fibula

True

What do ball & socket joints allow and what are 2 examples?

• Flexion, extension, rotation, circumduction

• Shoulders and hip joints

What do hinge joints allow and what are 2 examples?

• Flexion and extension

• Elbows and knees

T/F different types of limb joints allow different types of muscle actions?

True

What do all limb muscles develop from?

somites (bc skeletal muscle)

Are limb muscles hypaxial?

Yes

Innervation of limb muscles:

ventral rami of spinal nerves

3 Rules of thumb for muscles in the same group:

Often:

• have the same motor innervation

• share similar muscle attachments

• share similar muscle actions

How to tell a cross section of the leg versus the thigh?

The leg has both the tibia and fibula showing versus the thigh which only shows the femur

Compartments of the thigh:

• Anterior (extensor)

• Medial (adductor)

• Posterior (flexor) - hamstrings

Compartments of the leg:

• Anterior (extensor)

• Lateral - (inversion/eversion) - fibular

• Posterior (flexor, superficial)

• Posterior (flexor, deep)

What attaches to the pelvic girdle?

Hip Flexors attach and cross hip

T/F the head of the femur is medial and articulates with the acetabulum?

True

What do the medial condyles of the femur articulate with?

The tibia

What does the head of the fibula articulate with?

Tibia

What is the interosseous membrane?

• fibrous joint

• stabilizes interaction between tibia and fibula

• separates anterior and posterior compartments

Sacroiliac joint is a:

• Gliding joint (synovial)

• little motion

Ligaments (syndesmoses):

• anterior/posterior sacroiliac ligaments

• sacrospinous lig

• sacrotuberous lig

What type of joint is a ball & socket joint?

Synovial: surrounded by capsule, articular cartilage, ligaments for support

• Ex: coxal joint (hip)

What ligament attaches the head of the femur to the acetabulum via the fovea capitis?

Round ligament

What is the labrum?

articular cartilage that covers the acetabulum

What ligament keeps the head of the femur in its socket?

Transverse acetabular ligament

The two intracapsule ligaments of the coxal joint:

1. Round ligament

2. Transverse acetabular ligament

3 reinforcing ligaments of the coxal joint:

• pubofemoral ligament

• iliofemoral ligament

• ischiofemoral ligament

2 types of joints at the knee and what they allow:

1. Hinge joint (femur-tibia)

2. Gliding joint (patella-femur

Flexion/extension, some rotation

What are the medial/lateral menisci between, what are they, function?

• Between the lateral and medial menisci

• What: Fibrocartilage discs

• Function: match articular surfaces, absorb shock, joint stability

Extracapsular ligaments of the knee (3):

Patellar tendon

medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL) - allow for side to side movements, prevent dislocation

Intracapsular ligaments of the knee (2):

1. Anterior Cruciate Lig. (ACL) - Weaker, more injuries, Prevents hyperextension, Prevents anterior displacement (tibial)

2. Posterior Cruciate Lig. (PCL) - stronger, prevents hyperflexion, prevents posterior displacement (tibial)

*Connect tibia to femur

Anterior thigh compartment muscle actions:

1. Flexion at hip - cross hip joint anteriorly

2. Extension at knee - cross knee anteriorly

3. Abduction/adduction

Innervation of anterior thigh compartment:

Femoral nerve

Anterior compartment: iliopsoas group commonalities:

• Insert on the lesser trochanter

• Flex thigh (coxal joint) - aka as hip flexor muscles

  • Bc they cross the hip anteriorly

• Origin superior to insertion

Name the two muscles in the iliopsoas group (anterior) and what joint they cross

1. Psoas major

2. Iliacus

Cross the coxal joint and pass under the ignuinal lig

Anterior compartment muscles (quadriceps) commonalities:

• Insert on tibial tuberosity (all but

• Extend knee (all but

• Innervated by the femoral nerve

What joints are cross by the quadricep group?

Coxal joint - rectus femoris and sartorius

Knee joint - all

Common insertion of rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis

Tibial tuberosity via the patella tendon

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis cross the knee anteriorly and cause:

extension of knee

Origin and insertion of sartorius:

O- anterior superior iliac spine

I - insert medial condyle

Sartorius action at coxal joint and knee joint:

CJ - Flexion at hip

KJ - Flexion at knee

also causes lateral rotation of thigh

What is the function of the gluteal compartment?

Laterally rotates thigh

Commonality of the gluteal compartment:

Pelvic origin (5)

Femoral insertion on the greater trochanter (except gluteus maximus)

Carries out extension, abduction, lateral rotation

Muscles in the gluteal compartment:

1. Gluteus maximus

2. Gluteus medius

3. Gluteus minimus

4. Piriformis

5. Tensor Fasciae Latae

What innervates the glutues maximus?

Inferior gluteal nerve

What innervates the glutues medius, minimus, and tensor facia latae?

Superior gluteal nerve

What innervates the pifiormis?

S1-S2 ventral rami

What joint do the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus cross and what action does it cause?

Coxal joint, lateral rotation

Action(s) of the gluteus maxmimus, medius, minimus

Gluteus

Maximus: extension, lateral rotation

Medius: abduction, extension (p), lateral rotation (p), flexion (a), medial rotation (a)

Minimus: abduction, flexion, medial rotation

What joint does the piriformis muscle cross and what action does it engage?

Coxal joint, lateral rotation

What joint does the tensor fasciae latae cross, what does it connect to, what is its action?

coxal joint

inserts on iliotibial tract (IT band)

Flexion

Commonalities of the medial compartment

-Cross inferiorly to hip joint

-origin from pubis and ischium

-insert on linea aspera

-Adduction of hip, flexion of thigh

-Inn by obturator nerve

Muscles of medial compartment (5):

Superficial:

-Pectineus

-adductor longus

-gracilis - (also flexes leg)

Deep:

-adductor brevis

-adductor magnus - (also extends thigh)

T/F the gracilis muscle also cross the knee joint?

True

The medial thigh muscles all affect what joint?

Coxal joint

Which muscle has the feature of the “adductor hiatus”

adductor magnus

The adductor portion of the adductor magnus is innervated by the:

Obturator nerve

The hamstring portion of the adductor magnus is innervated by the

Tibial nerve

Commonalities of the posterior compartment (hamstring group)

• origin from the ischial tuberosity

• cross the knee and hip to cause flexion of knee/leg and extension of the hip/thigh

• Inn tibial nerve

Hamstring group muscles - posterior

Lateral:

-Biceps Femories

Medial:

-Semitendinosus

-Semimanbranosus

Origin and insertion of biceps femoris long head versus short head:

Biceps femoris

Long head: origin - ischial tuberosity

Short head: origin - linea aspera

*Both insert on the head of the fibula

T/F the biceps femoris short head only crosses the knee joint

true

T/F the femoral nerve moves under the inguinal ligament

True

The piriformis runs between:

sacrum and greater trochanter

What innervates the piriformis?

S1-S2 (turns into sciatic nerve)

The sciatic nerve divides into:

tibial and

common fibular (inn short head of biceps femoris)

What does the talus articulate with?

Lateral malleolus and fibula (creating a hinge joint)

What is the calcaneus also known as?

the heel

T/F the hallux (big toe) only has a distal and proximal phalanx

True

What is dorsiflexion?

Superior side of foot moves towards shin

What is plantarflexion?

toes point downward

Another name for the ankle joint, its function, articulation, what type of joint?

• talocrural joint

• function: dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

• articulation: tibia+fibula/talus

• Hinge

Intertarsal joints and actions they allow:

• Subtalar joint = talus and calcaneus

• Transverse taler joint = talus/calcaneus and navicular/cuboid

• **Gliding joints (permit inversion and eversion)

2 ligaments of the ankle:

1. Lateral collateral ligaments: lateral malleolus - talus/calcaneus

2. Deltoid ligaments: medial mallelous - talus/calcaneus

3. **Stabilize talocrural joint

What do the arches of the foot allow?

allows body to cushion weight and maintain structure in foot

What are the three arches of the foot?

medial, lateral, transverse

Commonalities of the anterior tibial group:

• Insertion on dorsal foot

• Dosiflex foot

• extend toes (both extensors)

• deep fibular nerve

What does the interosseous membrane do?

Connects the tibia and fibula and separates the anterior and deep posterior compartments

What digits do the extensor digitorum longus reach?

Digits 2-5 to extend them

What type of joints are the digital joints?

ellipsoid and hinge

Superficial leg anterior compartment muscles (2)

Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus

Deep leg anterior compartment muscles

Extensor hallucis longus and fibularis tertius

What different actions do the tibialis anterior and the fibulais tertius provide?

Tibialis anterior - inversion

Fibularis tertius - eversion

Lateral compartment fibularis group commonalities:

• origin on lateral surface of fibula pass posterior to the lateral malleolus

• plantarflex foot

• evert food

• inn by superficial fibular nerve

Fibularis longus tendon functions (4):

1. plantarflex ankle

2. evert foot

3. support arches of foot

4. stabilize ankle

Posterior compartment leg commonalities

• superficial layer (3) - insert on calcaneus via achilles tendon

• deep layer (3)

• insert on plantar food (bottom)

• plantarflex food

• inn by tibial nerve

3 superficial leg posterior compartment muscles and actions:

1. Gastrocnemius (calve)

2. Plantaris

3. Soleus - only crosses ankle

All plantarflex foot, (gastrocnemius and plantaris flex leg)

Deep posterior leg compartment muscles (3)

1. Tibialis posterior

2. Flexor digitorum longus

3. Flexor hallucis longus

All cross behind medial malleolus

Actions of deep posterior leg compartment muscles (

• All cross ankle joint posteriorly which causes plantarflexion

• All invert the foot

• Flexor hallucis longus also flexes the hallux (big toe)

• Flexor digitorum longus also flexes digits 2-5

Function of the flexor retinaculum?

keeps tendon flushed to ankle

Lumbosacral plexus origins:

• Ventral rami of T12-S5 spinal nerve

• Hypaxial mm inn

• Focus on named nerves and compartments

The obturator nerve enters the:

Medial compartment

The femoral nerve enters the:

Anterior compartment

The obturator nerve comes behind:

the adductor longus

The superior and inferior gluteal nerve inn:

Gluteal compartment

Sup. inn lateral gluteal mm

Inf. inn gluteus maximus

What does the sciatic nerve inn:

Thigh, leg

-exits out the greater sciatic foramen

Where does the sciatic nerve divide?

The popliteal fossa