Biodiversity Test

Biodiversity?

the number of different organisms in a given area

what is growth and development

growth is getting bigger in size. development is change in physical form.

reproduction?

The ability to pass genetic info onto offspring. sexually or asexually

sexual reproduction?

when two parents cells contribute genetic info to offspring. usually male and female

asexual reproduction?

when a single organism reproduces on its own.

metabolism?

A chemical process that takes place in living things for all life processes. keeps the body in a stable condition.

adaption through evolution?

when an organism becomes better suited to its environment.

irritability?

a living thing must need to react to simuli.

composed of cell.

cell is the basic unit of all life capable of carrying out all life processes. can be unicellular or multicellular.

difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic cells has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells don’t.

what are the 3 domains of life?

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya.

What are the 6 kingdoms?

eubacteria, archeabacteria, animalia, plantae, fungi , protists

eubacteria?

unicellular, prokaryotic, extremophiles.

archaebacteria?

most familiar bacteria, unicelluar, prokaryotic, most are beneficial.

animalia?

largest kingdom, multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs

plantae?

second largest kingdom, multicellular, autotrophs

fungi?

most are multicellular, all are eukaryotic, fungi needs to ingest decaying parts of plants in soil

protists?

most are unicellular, all are eukaryotic, all microscopic organisms that dont fall under other kingdoms, all organisms are very different from each other.

what are taxonomy levels from most general to least?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

species?

organisms similar in shape and structure and can interbreed and produce offspring.

morphology?

The shape and structure of an organism. The more similar the morphology, the closer evolutionary relationship of two species.

why do we use binomial nonmeclature?

to give a scientific name to a species that is recognized worldwide.

viruses?

are small infectious particles containing genetic info in the form of DNA or RNA within a protein capsule.

what is a virus structure?

has DNA or RNA, has a capsid protein coat surrounding the DNA/RNA, no cytoplasm.

more about viruses?

DNA or RNA can carry info that provides instructions on synthesizing protein molecules. the cell a virus enters is called a host cell, and it is needed in order to reproduce. a virus has a specific host range meaning it infects specific cells and tissue. when a virus replicates in a host cell it destroys it.

what are surface proteins?

outside viral particles are proteins that are involved in the attachment to host cells.

What are the two infectious cycles when virus enters a host cell?

Lyctic cycle and lysogenic cycle

what is the lyctic cycle?

Binding proteins on viruses attatch to host cell receptors, and the virus binds to the surface of the host cell. Synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids- viral genetic info is released and enters nucleus of cell to be replicated. Assembly of units- DNA or RNA instructs the cell to make new viral DNA and capsids. Lysis- the host cell bursts and new viruses go to infect other cells.

lysogenic cycle?

seen in viruses that don’t kill the cell right away. Virus is dormant in cell for generations without harming host. Binding- virus binds to host cell. Integration- DNA or RNA is integrated with cell DNA. Replication) DNA or RNA is replicated with cell DNA and passed onto daughter cells. Dormant state is called lysogeny.

kingdom of archaebacteria?

• oldest organisms on earth

• hypothesized to be the ancestors of all of lifes kingdoms

• can survive in very hot, acidic, and salty conditions

• no species known to cause diseases

• archaebacteria is different from eubacteria, hence the different kingdoms

3 main phyla of archaebacteria?

Anaerobic methanogens- produce methane as a metabolic byproduct

Halophiles- salt-loving bacteria, live in very salty conditions

Thermophiles- can tolerate very hot and acidic conditions

what are infectious viruses and bacteria called?

pathogens

Internal structure of eubacteria?

• prokrayotic

• single chromosome in nucleoid

• most have a small loop of DNA called plasmid ) not necessary for life but provides advantages)

Outer structure of eubacteria?

cell membrane, cell wall that forms long cross-linked chains for protection, one or more flagella for movement, pili, hair-like structures to help cell attatch to other cells or surfaces, capsid for protection fro viruses and antibiotics.

shapes of bacteria?

bascillus, coccus, spirillus, mono- one, diplo- two, streptop- chain, staphylo- clumps.

obligate aerobe?

organisms that can’t survive without oxygen

obligate anareobe?

organisms that can’t surivive with oxygen

faculative anaerobe?

organisms that can survive with or without oxygen

what is binary fission?

an asexual way of reproduction in bacteria cells

describe the steps of binary fission

step 1- chromosomes duplicate and copies get separated, step 2- cell elongates and chromosomes copies move towards the pole, step 3- cell divides into two identical cells.

what is conjugation?

conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction where two cells joint o exchange genetic info.

explain conjugation reproduction

step 1- F+ donor cell comes in contact with F- recipient cells via the tubule pilus. Step 2- A conjugation tube forms at the site of contact, bridging the two cells. Step 3: Single-stranded DNA gets transferred to the recipient cell. Step 4- conjugation tube disconnects and the single-stranded DNA from each cell is duplicated so the donor and recipient cell each has a copy of plasmid DNA.

What is transformation?

transformations is when bacterial cell takes in and uses DNA from its environment. DNA fragments may have been released into environment when other cells died.

antibiotic resistance?

When bacteria that cause illness resist the antibiotic drugs that treat it and the bacterial cell doesn’t die but reproduces. Antiobiotic usually kill it but some resists due to mutations. Bacteria cells will keep reproducing until the whole population resists and therefore the entiobitic is not an effective treatment anymore.

harmful bacteria?

when bacterias produce and release toxins and bring out strong immune responses from body that can be damaging.

bacteria of decay?

causes dead plants and animal to rot and breakdown to return minerals to soil

bacteria of fermentation?

breaks down food in human body thru a process called fermentation.

nitrogen fixing bacteria?

turns nitrogen from atmosphere into nitrate that green plants require.

what is the differences and similarities between viruses and bacteria?

viruses are not alive, bacteria are. Viruses need a host cell to reproduce; bacteria can reproduce on it’s own. Both are pathogens and can infect.

what is the classification of fungi?

a kingdom under domain eukarya, multi and uni cellular, heterotrophs

what are the good fungi?

major decomposers (break down dead plants and animals and return the nutrients to soil), helps provide food and drinks to human.

what is the soil and fungi relationship?

mutualism, fungi provies plants with nutrients and plant provide fungi with carbs.

bad fungi?

can cause diseases, can physically harm plants, can produce toxins that cause hallucinations and paralysis.

2 main functions of fungi?

absorbing nutrients, reproduction

what part makes up majority of the fungi?

mycellium

what is the fruiting body structure for?

reproduction

what is the hyphae structure?

long, thin thread like structure that make up fungus, , long tubes of cytoplasm with many nuclei, secret digestive enzymes into surroundings, absorbs nutrients through cell membrane.

what is fungi cell wall made of?

chitin

what is basidia?

a reproductive organ in mushroom, covers the gills, produces spores.

Spores?

a unicellular reproductive unit that can grow into a new organism asexually.

what is the mushroom reproduction?

spores and produced and released from gills, they grow into hyphae, the hyphae meet and combine and combine into mycellium, and grows from baby mushroom to big mushroom.

key characterisitics that make up animals?

multicellular and eukaryotic, no cell wall, heterotrophic, are diploid ( chromosomes exist in pairs), are motile (move from one place to another).

what is the major innovation among animasls?

development of nerve cells. used to coordinate movements and sense chane in environment. modern sponges (porifera phylum) is the only one without this feature.

what is bilateral and radial symmetry?

radial is when an animal is split in similar sections in many directions from the centre, bilateral is when an animal is split into two matching halves.

what is cephalization?

is when animals with bilateral symmetry have sensory organs located in the front of the body.

what are the two bilateral symmetrical?

protostomes- an animal w/ bilateral symmetry, during embyronic development forms the mouth before the anus. Deuterostome is an animal with bilteraly symmetry that during the embryonic develpoment forms the anud before the mouth.

what are germ layers?

layers of cells in a developing embryo that grows into specialized tissue.

what are the 3 germ layers?

ectoderm- becomes outer covering for animals and nervous systems, mesoderm- develops into organs, endoderm- forms the lining of inner organs

what does body cavity (coelom) do?

body cavity is a space inside the body that holds organs and allows it to grow and move independently of the outer body wall.

what does coelom develop from?

mesoderm?

what is the phylu for humans?

Chordata. all animals in this phylum have a vertebrate which have a backbone.

what are features of vertebrates?

have a dorsal nerve cord which develops into brain and spinal cord, has a notochord which develops into the vertebral column, have paired jointed appendages which allows for quicker movement, have internal bony skeleton which allows for larger body sizes, highly developed brain and sensory systems. backbone is developed to protect dorsal nerve cord.

name 3 helpful and 3 harmful bacteria

Helpful- cheese, bacteria of fermentation and decay. Harmful- typhoid fever , pneumonia, bacteria of food

what is coelom and why is it good?

coelom is a fluid filled body cavity inside an animal’s body where organs are located. They protect organs by cushioning them with fluid, allow the to grow and move independently from outer body wall,