C458 - Health, Fitness, and Wellness

Positive Healthy Habits

such as exercising daily, getting quality sleep, and following good hygiene habits can help decrease stress, lower the risk of disease, and increase energy.

Human Skeletal System

provides internal framework to support the body, protects organs, and enables movement with the muscular system. Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and tendons and account for 20% of the body weight.

Bones

provide the rigid skeleton that constitutes the internal framework the body needs to stand.

Skeleton

supports and protects the soft organs of the body. Usually consists of 206 bones - long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

Joint

also referred to as an articulation, is where two bones come together. 3 categories: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable.

Cartilage

is the tough but flexible tissue that covers the ends of the bones of freely movable joints and protects bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other.

Ligament

is a connective tissue that binds one bone to another. It usually helps hold structures together and allows for side-to-side stability.

Tendon

is a connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Aids in the movement of the bone or structure.

Achilles Tendon

connect the calf muscle to the heel bone.

The Muscular System

enables the heart to beat, the chest to rise and fall during breathing, and the blood vessels to help regulate the pressure and flow of blood through the body.

3 Types of Muscles in The Body

Striated muscle - is also known as skeletal muscle. It moves all bones and controls facial expressions and eye movements.

Smooth muscle - or visceral muscle, lines the walls of internal organs, such as the intestines.

Cardiac muscle - is a unique type of muscle. It is a combination of both striated and smooth muscle. Only the heart has cardiac muscle.

The Nervous System

- the control center for all actions that occur consciously and unconsciously and the communication among the body parts.

- more than 100 billion nerve cells operate constantly all over the body to coordinate involuntary activities.

- is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body.

- functions include receiving sensory input, sending signals to the brain, regulating homeostasis, and communicating throughout the body for movement.

2 Major Divisions of the Nervous System

Central nervous system - the brain and the spinal cord, comprise the CNS. Messages in the CNS travel through the spinal cord to the brain, and the brain, in response, directs all the functions of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System - consists of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. These nerves relay messages between the CNS and other areas of the body, including the internal organs and glands, abdomen, chest, arms, and legs. Also inner gates and communicates with the sensory organs: eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. Refers to the nerves that are outside of the brain and spinal cord.

The Respiratory System

works with the cardiovascular system to provide oxygen to the cells and to remove the waste products. Triggers breathing.

Lungs

the primary organ of the respiratory system which exchange gases during the breathing process.

Respiratory passages

are divided into the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tract.

Upper respiratory tract - includes the nose, pharynx, and larynx.

Lower respiratory tract - consists of the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

Respiration

is the sequence of events that results in the delivery of oxygen into the body followed by the transfer of carbon dioxide out of the body. Occurs in the tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli.

Cardiovascular system

consists of the heart (a powerful muscular pump) and blood vessels. The primary function is to transport a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen to body cells through the flow of blood.

Heart

is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. is a pump that consists of 4 chambers:

Atria - 2 upper chambers.

Ventricles - 2 lower chambers.

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart to the body tissues.

Veins

carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

Aorta

is the largest of all arteries.

Cardiovascular system

provides constant supply of nutrients and oxygen to the body's cells through the flow blood called circulation.

Digestive system

is to process food into molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the body.

4 Functions of the Digestive System

Ingestion

Digestion

Absorption

Elimination

Salivary glands

located in the mouth, moisten and lubricate food and begin the breakdown of carbohydrates.

Liver

metabolizes macronutrients, produces bile, and detoxifies the body.

Gallbladder

stores bile, a yellow-green fluid that helps the body digest and absorb fats.

Pancreas

secretes enzymes and hormones that help with digestion and the use of carbohydrates, protein, and fats.

Urinary system

also called the renal system, balances the fluids in your body by stimulating thirst and producing, storing, and eliminating urine.

Kidneys

filter out waste products from the bloodstream and remove these waste products in the form of urine. Also reabsorbs fluids and other substance back into the bloodstream.

Ureter

connected to each kidney. Urine flows out of the kidneys through the ureter to the urinary bladder.

Respiratory system

brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide.

Cardiovascular system

transports nutrients and oxygen through the blood.

Digestive system

absorbs nutrients from food and metabolizes carbohydrates and detoxifies the body.

Urinary system

balances the fluids in the body by producing, storing, and eliminating urine. Filters out urea from the bloodstream.

Immune system

sometimes referred to as the lymphatic system, is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend and protect the body against foreign invaders that can cause sickness and disease.

Integumentary system

means pertaining to covering. Skin, hair, and nails, and the fluids secreted by glands cover and protect various parts of the body.

Skin

protection from the environment. Protects the deeper tissue of the body against excessive loss of water, salts, and heat. Helps prevent bacteria from entering the body.

Lubrication sebum

is an oily substance that protects the surface of the skin so it does not dry out.

Sweat

is a watery secretion that protects the body from overheating by carrying heart away.

Hair

covers the scalp and body, provides insulation, keeping the body warm.

Nails

are made of tough protein called Keratin, which protects the fingertips and toes from injuries to the surrounding soft tissue.

Endocrine system

send chemical messages called hormones. Hormones influence growth, development, and energy-producing activities. Keeps the body in a state of homeostasis.

8 Major Endocrine Glands

Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

Thyroid

Thymus

Adrenals

Pancreas

Ovaries

Testes

Uterus

female genital tract where the fetus develop during pregnancy.

Ovaries

female genital tract where the eggs are produced.

Fallopian tubes

female genital tract where the eggs is fertilized

Cervix

tract that opens during childbirth to allow the baby to pass through.

Uterus

female tract that sheds during menstruation.

Labia

surrounds the vagina. Connects the internal reproductive organs to the outside of the body.

Vagina

is a collapsible tube that connects the uterus and cervix to the outside of the body.

Clitoris

small organ composed of erectile tissue, similar to the penis.

Menstrual cycle

is a cycle of changes in female hormone production that lasts approximately 28 days.

Fertilization

occurs when the sperm cells travel into the fallopian tubes and penetrate the ovum.

Gestation

period of fetal development in the uterus; usually about 40 weeks

Menopause

when estrogen levels drop. Drop in estrogen levels also causes the menstrual cycle to stop.

Testis

the male organ that produces sperm.

Scrotum

is the sac that encloses the testes on the outside of the body.

Prostate

is a gland that helps make semen, the fluid that contains the sperm.

Vas deferens

carries the sperm up into the pelvic region, leading toward the urethra.

Urethra

passes urine through the penis to the outside of the body.

Penis

is made of erectile tissue, similar to the clitoris.

Integumentary system

covers and protects the body

Immune system

defends the body from and destroys foreign invaders that cause sickness.

Reproductive system

produces, nourishes, and transports either the egg or the sperm.

Endocrine system

produces hormones to keep the body in a state of homeostasis.

Bacteria

one-celled germs that multiply quickly.

Viruses

tiny capsules that contain genetic material. Invade cells and begin to multiply, which can kill, damage, or change the cells and make you sick.

Fungi

primitive plant-like organisms such as mushrooms, mold, mildew, and yeasts.

Parasites

animals or plants that survive by living on or in other living things.

Respiratory system

includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Mononucleosis

kissing disease.

Strep throat

is a bacterial infection that is common in children.

Nervous system

is a complex system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and neuron cells that transmit signals among different parts of the body.

Meningitis

describes the inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, the meninges.

MRSA

infection caused by staphylococcus; difficult to treat because it is resistant to most antibiotics.

Cold sores

infection caused by a contagious virus called herpes simplex virus.

Lice

tiny parasites that feed on blood from the human scalp.

Chicken pox

infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus.

Sexually transmitted infections

is a virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite people can get through sexual contact.

Hepatitis

is the inflammation in the liver generally caused by an infection.

Coronary artery disease

starts when certain factors, such as high blood pressure, damage the inner layers of the coronary arteries. Is also the most common type of heart disease in the US.

Is caused by a build-up of plaque on the artery walls.

Stroke

happens when there is a loss of blood flow to part of the brain. 3 types of strokes: ischemic, hemorrhagic, and transient ischemic attack.

Hypertension

is the force at which blood pushes against the artery walls.

Systolic pressure

the first number is the pressure when your heart beats.

Diastolic pressure

the second number is your pressure when your heart relaxes.

Cancer

is the name given to a collection of related diseases. Some of the body's cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.

Asthma

is a chronic respiratory condition that intermittently inflames and narrows the airways ini the lungs.

Epilepsy

is a brain disorder that causes people to have recurring seizures. Happen when clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out the wrong signals.

Diabetes

is a disease in which a person's blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high.

Type 1 diabetes

individuals with type 1 do not make insulin.

Type 2 diabetes

is the more common type. It is caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently.

Physical activity

promotes normal growth and development and can make people feel better, function better, and sleep better, and can reduce the risk of a large number of chronic diseases.

Exercise

is a form of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and is performed with the goal of improving health or fitness.

Cardiorespiratory fitness

the ability to perform large-muscle, whole-body exercise at moderate to vigorous intensities for extended periods of time. Requires the heart, healthy lungs, and blood in the blood vessels to supply the body with oxygen.

Muscular strength

is the amount of force a muscle group can produce. It is usually measured by the maximum amount of force produced in a single effort. It is how much weight you can lift, push, or pull.

Flexibility

is one component of physical fitness that is often ignored. Refers to the movement of the joints and is the ability of the joints to move through their full range of motion.

Body composition

involves measuring the percentage of fat, muscle, water, and bone found in the human body. Is expressed as the ratio of fat mass to fat-free mass.

Sweating

is a natural function that helps cool the body.