Upper extremity

Clavicle

The only articulation of the upper extremity with the trunk; S-shaped and most fractured bone in the body.

Sternoclavicular joint

A synovial joint connecting the shoulder girdle with the torso, stabilized by multiple ligaments.

Acromioclavicular joint

A synovial joint that allows gliding and rotation, connecting the clavicle to the coracoid process.

Shoulder separation injury

A rupture of ligaments causing separation between the clavicle and scapula.

Rhomboids

Muscles that insert on the medial end of the scapula spine are responsible for elevation, downward rotation, and retraction.

Levator Scapulae

Muscle that elevates and downwardly rotates the scapula, originating from the transverse process of cervical vertebrae.

Pectoralis Minor

Muscle responsible for protraction, depression, and downward rotation of the scapula.

Serratus Anterior

Muscle that assists with protraction, upward rotation, and holding the scapula in place.

Trapezius

Large muscle with three sections responsible for various movements of elevation, rotation, and retraction of the scapula.

Glenohumeral Joint

Joint where the humeral head connects to the scapula, allowing multiple arm movements.

Glenoid labrum

Tissue that increases the depth and stability of the Glenoid fossa.

Rotator Cuff muscles (SITS)

Group of muscles stabilizing the shoulder joint, including Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis.

Olecranon Bursa

A bursa located between the olecranon and the skin, commonly affected by bursitis.

Elbow Flexors

Muscles such as Biceps Brachii and Brachialis responsible for elbow flexion.

Elbow Extensors

Muscle group including Triceps Brachii that facilitates elbow extension.

Carpal joints

Include Radiocarpal (ellipsoidal), Intercarpal (gliding), and Carpometacarpal (saddle and gliding) joints.

Metacarpophalangeal joints

Joints that allow flexion and extension of fingers, with different types for the thumb and fingers.

Thenar Eminence

Group of muscles located on the anterior surface of the thumb.

Carpal Tunnel syndrome

Condition caused by repetitive strain injury leading to median nerve compression in the wrist.

Extrinsic Hand Muscles

Housed in the forearm, moves the hand/fingers.

Intrinsic Hand Muscles

Inside the hand, moves hand/fingers.

Medial Epicondyle

Long tendons, weak elbow flexion.

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Wrist flexion, radial deviation.

Palmaris Longus

Wrist flexion, connects to the palmar aponeurosis (doesn’t do much).

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Wrist flexion, ulnar deviation.

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Tendons split, flexion of the wrist, MP, PIP (Stops right before the distal interphalangeal joints).

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Deep muscle, tendons pass through superficialis, flexion of wrist, MP, PIP, DIP.

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Extends the wrist.

Extensor Digitorum

Extends the wrist, MCP.

Extensor Digiti Minimi

Wrist extension, flexion of the pinky finger.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Extension of the wrist, radial deviation.

Extensor Indicis

Index finger extension.

Thenar Eminence

The muscles on the anterior surface of the thumb.

Hypothenar Eminence

The muscles on the anterior surface of the pinky.

Lumbricals

Flexor tendon to extensor tendon, flex MCP, Extend IP.

Palmar Interossei

MCP Adduction.

Dorsal Interossei

MCP Abduction.