Science yearlies revision materials

Define renewable

Renewable means something can be replenished naturally faster than it is being used.

Define non-renewable

It is a material that exists in limited amounts and cannot be replenished or replaced by natural processes within a human lifetime.

Define ore

It is a naturally occurring rock, mineral or sediment containing valuable constitutes- usually metals like iron, copper or golf in high enough concentration to be mined and processed for a profit.

Define mineral

Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solid chemical substances that have a definite chemical composition and an orderly, repeating internal crystal structure.

Define Fossil fuel

A fossil fuel is a natural, carbon-rich energy source formed in the Earth's crust from the buried and decomposed remains of prehistoric plants, algae, and animals over millions of years

Define ochre

Ochre is a natural clay earth pigment made from a mixture of iron oxide, sand, and clay, as well as the moderate yellowish-orange color derived from it.

Define coal

Coal is a combustible, black or brownish-black sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbon that is formed from ancient plant remains compacted and heated underground over millions of years

Define crude oil

Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined fossil fuel composed mostly of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, along with small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and trace metals

Define valency

Valency is the combining capacity of an atom. It measures how many chemical bonds an atom can form, or the number of electrons it must lose, gain, or share to reach a stable, full outer shell

Define electron configuration

An electron configuration is the arrangement of an atom’s electrons into specific energy levels, subshells, and orbitals

Define noble gas configuration

A noble gas configuration is a shorthand way to write an element's electron configuration by replacing the core inner-shell electrons with the symbol of the preceding noble gas in brackets

Define ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that carries a positive or negative electric charge because it has lost or gained one or more electrons

Define an ionic bond

It is the force of attraction between a metal and a non-metal that lose or gain negatively or positively charged electrons to form a stable compound.

Define a covelant bond

A covalent bond is a chemical link formed when two non-metal atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons to achieve a stable outer shell

Define cation

It is a positivley charged ion

Define an anion

It is a negativley charged ion

Define diatomic

It is a molecule that consists of exactly 2 atoms

Define compound

A compound is a thing made by combining two or more separate parts, elements, or words into a single whole

Define organic

It is a compound that contains hydrogen and carbon

Define inorganic

A chemical compound or element that lacks carbon-hydrogen bond

What is an alkane?

Alkanes are organic compounds consisting entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms

What are the first 8 alkanes in order?

Methane, Ethane, Profane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane.

Define a hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon is an organic chemical compound made up exclusively of two elements: carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

Define combustion

Combustion is a rapid, high-temperature chemical reaction (burning) where a fuel combines with oxygen in the air to release energy in the form of carbon dioxide and water.

Define incomplete combustion

Incomplete combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs when a fuel (such as a hydrocarbon) burns with an insufficient supply of oxygen. This means it releases carbon monoxide.

Define complete combustion

A chemical reaction where a fuel burns in the presence of sufficient oxygen. It converts all carbon and hydrogen in the fuel into carbon dioxide and water vapor, while releasing the maximum possible thermal energy.

Define a polymer

A polymer is a large substance or molecule (called a macromolecule) made of many smaller, repeating chemical units linked together in long chains or networks, known as monomers

What is HDPE?

HDPE stands for High-Density Polyethylene, a strong, lightweight, and versatile petroleum-derived thermoplastic polymer

What is LDPE?

LDPE stands for Low-Density Polyethylene, a soft, lightweight, and flexible thermoplastic polymer made from ethylene monomers. [1, 2, 3, 4]

Define polypropylene 

Polypropylene (abbreviated as PP and also known as polypropene) is a rugged, lightweight, and versatile thermoplastic polymer created from propylene monomers

Define biodegradable

Biodegradable means a substance or material can break down naturally into simpler, non-toxic elements—such as water, carbon dioxide, and biomass—through the action of living organisms like bacteria, fungi, or other microbes.

What is a synthetic polymer

Synthetic polymers are man-made, large molecules (macromolecules) built from long chains of repeating smaller units called monomers, typically derived from petroleum or crude oil