Physics: Mechanics, Density, States of Matter, and Energy

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Newtonian mechanics, momentum and impulse, density calculations, states of matter, thermal physics, and work-energy conservation based on lecture notes.

Newton's First Law states that every object will remain in its state of __________ or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.

rest

According to Newton's Second Law, the applied force on a moving body is proportional to __________.

acceleration

Newton's Third Law states that to every action there is an __________ and opposite reaction.

equal

Impulse is defined as the product of force and time, which equals the __________.

change in momentum

The standard atmospheric pressure that supports a column of mercury in a barometer is __________ (or $760\,mm\,Hg$).

$$76\,cm\,Hg$$

A stone with a mass of $120\,g$ and a volume of $48\,cm^3$ has a density of __________.

$$2.5\,g/cm^3$$

A density value of $1.0\,g/cm^3$ is equivalent to __________.

$$1000\,kg/m^3$$

According to the density table of materials, steel has a density of __________.

$$7.8\,g/cm^3$$

The irregular, unpredictable zigzag motion of particles suspended in a fluid is known as __________.

Brownian motion

In a solid, the particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and __________ in the same position.

vibrate

Evaporation produces a cooling effect because the highly energetic particles leave the liquid, leaving behind __________ particles.

low energetic

The four main factors that increase the rate of evaporation are increasing temperature, increasing surface area, reducing humidity, and __________.

blowing air across it at a faster rate

A liquid reaches its boiling point when its saturated vapor pressure equals the __________.

external atmospheric pressure

Momentum is a vector quantity defined as the product of mass and __________.

velocity

If a $10\,g$ bullet is fired into a $390\,g$ brick and together they move at $10\,m/s$, the initial velocity of the bullet before the collision was __________.

$$400\,m/s$$

When a $1\,kg$ stone accelerates from rest to $10\,m/s$ over an interaction time of $0.01\,s$, the force exerted on it is __________.

$$1000\,\text{Newtons}$$

While total momentum is conserved in any collision, kinetic energy is not conserved in an __________ collision.

inelastic

Energy is defined as the __________ to do work.

ability

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only __________.

change forms from one form to another

Gravitational potential energy of an object of mass $m$ raised to a height $h$ is given by the formula __________.

$$mgh$$

The kinetic energy of an object with mass $m$ moving at velocity $v$ is expressed by the equation __________.

$$\frac{1}{2}mv^2$$

Dropping a stone from a height of $45\,m$ with $g = 10\,m/s^2$ results in a final impact speed of __________ upon reaching the ground.

$$30\,m/s$$

The volume of an irregular solid is determined by liquid displacement using the formula __________.

$$V_2 - V_1$$

Work done on an object is defined as the product of applied force and __________.

displacement