role and function of atp

ATP: Energy carrier in cells. ATP-ADP Cycle: ATP → ADP + Pᵢ (energy released); ADP + Pᵢ → ATP (energy stored). Energy Transfer: Energy is released when ATP breaks down to ADP.

light dependent reactions on photosynthesis (specifically focusing on proton gradient)

• Light excites electrons in PSII, splitting water and pumping H⁺ into the thylakoid lumen.
  The proton gradient drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase as protons flow back.

whats the physical role of proton gradient in photosnythesis

Stores energy from light-driven electron transport as a chemical and electrical potential across the thylakoid membrane.Drives ATP synthesis by powering ATP synthase as protons flow back into the stroma.

how do enzymes speed up chemcial reactions and what do they do to activate energy

Enzymes lower activation energy by binding substrates and stabilizing transition states, speeding up reactions.

catalase is the enzyme in liver that breaks down h202 into h20 and o2 how does substrate level affect enzyme reaction rate what would the graph look like.

• Low substrate: Rate increases with concentration.

• High substrate: Rate plateaus (enzymes saturated).

Graph: Hyperbolic curve (Michaelis-Menten kinetics).

what is the primary function of the calvin cycle in photosynthesis

The primary function of the Calvin Cycle is to convert CO₂ into organic molecules (e.g., glucose) using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. It fixes carbon into stable compounds for plant growth.

what is the role of rubisco

Rubisco fixes CO₂ by attaching it to RuBP in the Calvin Cycle, making it the key enzyme for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.

what could happen to the rate of reaction of you increased co2 levels and ensured co2 surrounded rubisco

Higher CO₂ levels increase Rubisco’s reaction rate by enhancing CO₂ fixation and reducing photorespiration.

what is one negative impact of increased co2 and increased photosynthisis or one positive impact of increased co2 and increased photosynthesis

• Negative: Higher CO₂ can reduce nutrient content in crops (e.g., less protein in wheat).

• Positive: More CO₂ boosts carbon sequestration, helping combat climate change.

when looking at an enzyme how do you find optimal enviormnetal conditons when looking at the data

• pH (highest point),

• Temperature (optimal range),

• Substrate concentration (plateau phase).

what happens to enzyme when you increase temptuare particles moving faster but what happens if you increase the temp too much

• Moderate heat: Faster reactions (more collisions).

• Too much heat: Enzymes denature, losing function.

what about ph do enzymes have optimak ph what happens id you change the ph

• Optimal pH: Enzymes work best at a specific pH.

• pH change: Too high/low disrupts structure → denaturation and loss of function.

what does it mean for an enzyme to become denature

Enzyme unfolds and loses function due to heat, extreme pH, or chemicals.

when you change the shape of the actiive site the substate can no longer form hydrogen bonds and adhere to the enzyme what happens to the reaction

The reaction slows down or stops because the substrate can no longer bind to the active site, preventing the enzyme from catalyzing the reaction.

know the difference of slowing a reaction vs denaturing

• Slowing: Temporary reduction in activity (reversible).

• Denaturing: Permanent loss of function (irreversible damage to structure).