IELTS Writing Task 2 Vocabulary Handbook

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key argumentation terminology, precision language, and thematic concepts from the IELTS Writing Task 2 Vocabulary Handbook.

Vòng lặp 6 - 4 - 1 (6 - 4 - 1 Cycle)

A study method consisting of learning 6 topic phrases, writing 4 sentences with specific subjects from memory, and composing 1 short paragraph of 80 to 110 words.

Actor (in an argumentative sentence)

The subject, person, or factor that produces an impact or initiates change in an argumentative sentence.

Mechanism (in an argumentative sentence)

The specific process, condition, or sequence through which an action produces an outcome in an argument.

CORE Vocabulary

Direct, foundational expressions used to state main points, primary subjects, or basic results, typically forming the largest proportion of words in an essay.

STRONG Vocabulary

Vocabulary focused on natural collocations and specific verbs that clearly describe actions, causes, impacts, or solutions.

PRECISE Vocabulary

Vocabulary with a narrower scope of meaning that adds conditions, scope, degree, or nuances to an argument.

exacerbate

To make a problem, crisis, or negative condition worse or more severe.

undermine

To gradually or systematically weaken, damage, or erode something, such as trust, authority, or stability.

divert resources from

To reallocate funding, time, or materials away from an essential target or public service toward another objective.

safeguard

To protect or preserve a value, individual right, or public interest from harm or loss.

build resilience

To strengthen the capacity of an economy, ecosystem, or community to withstand disruptions and recover from shocks.

phase out

To discontinue or eliminate something gradually in stages rather than imposing an abrupt ban.

adopt a proportionate response

To apply a policy or intervention whose scale and severity appropriately match the actual risk or problem.

counterproductive

Producing the opposite of the intended or desired outcome.

equitable

Fair, just, and impartial, particularly in how benefits, burdens, or resources are distributed.

disproportionate

Excessively heavy, severe, or out of balance relative to the problem or situation being addressed.

educational mobility

The opportunity for individuals to improve their socioeconomic status across generations through education.

transferable skills

Core competencies—such as communication, time management, and negotiation—that can be applied across diverse contexts and jobs.

technological displacement

The loss or transformation of jobs caused by automation and technological innovation replacing human labor.

algorithmic bias

Systematic and unfair outcomes produced by algorithms, often caused by prejudices embedded in historical data.

human oversight

The ongoing monitoring, supervision, and final decision-making authority retained by human beings over automated systems.

precarious employment

Work characterized by job insecurity, low pay, lack of legal protection, and unpredictable hours.

occupational mobility

The ease with which workers can retrain and transition between different industries or job roles.

labour-market mismatch

A discrepancy between the qualifications possessed by job seekers and the specific skills demanded by employers.

conspicuous consumption

The spending of money on luxury goods or services primarily to display wealth, status, or social standing.

market concentration

An economic structure where a small number of dominant corporations control a large percentage of an industry.

means-tested support

Targeted public financial assistance available exclusively to individuals or households whose income or assets fall below a set limit.

universal provision

The policy of providing basic public services or benefits to all citizens equally without financial eligibility checks.

structural inequality

Disparities in wealth, opportunity, and status embedded within social institutions that cannot be overcome by individual effort alone.

intergenerational care

Caregiving, financial help, and mutual support shared across different generations within a family structure.

caregiver burden

The emotional, physical, and financial strain experienced by family members providing long-term care to dependents or aging relatives.

preventive care

Healthcare services such as screenings, vaccinations, and lifestyle modifications aimed at preventing diseases before treatment is needed.

sedentary behaviour

Lifestyle habits characterized by prolonged periods of physical inactivity or sitting during work and recreation.

ecological footprint

A measure of the environmental resources and productive land required to support an individual's or society's consumption.

habitat fragmentation

The division of continuous natural ecosystems into smaller, isolated fragments, often due to road and infrastructure development.

modal shift

A substantial transition where commuters switch their primary mode of travel from private vehicles to public transit or cycling.

induced demand

The economic phenomenon where expanding road capacity stimulates additional vehicle traffic, quickly restoring congestion.

transport equity

The fair provision of transit infrastructure that guarantees affordable, reliable mobility for all demographics, including low-income groups.

residential displacement

The involuntary relocation of local residents from their neighborhoods caused by rising rents or aggressive urban redevelopment.

recidivism

The recurring tendency of a previously convicted criminal to commit new offences and return to prison.

restorative justice

A criminal justice approach focused on repairing the harm caused to victims and the community through structured mediation with the offender.

custodial sentence

A court sentence that requires mandatory imprisonment or detention in a correctional institution.

algorithmic amplification

The automated prioritization and viral promotion of specific content on digital platforms, often boosting extreme or sensational material.

sensationalist coverage

News reporting that exaggerates details or uses dramatic presentation to manipulate emotions, attract attention, and provoke public fear.

behavioural targeting

The commercial practice of tracking consumer online activity and browsing data to deliver personalized advertisements.

technological spillovers

Secondary technological breakthroughs and applications that arise from an ambitious research program and benefit unrelated industries.

cultural commodification

The process of packaging living traditions, rituals, and heritage into commercial products or staged entertainment for visitors.

carrying capacity

The maximum threshold of tourists or human activity a destination can support without degrading its environment, infrastructure, and community life.

economic leakage

The loss of tourism profits when visitor spending flows directly to foreign corporations, booking agencies, or airline headquarters instead of the local economy.

intensive farming

An agricultural model that uses high inputs of capital, machinery, and chemicals to maximize crop or livestock yield per unit of land.

captive breeding

The controlled mating and reproduction of rare or endangered species in human care, designed to avert extinction and aid habitat reintroduction.

grassroots participation

Community-wide engagement and local involvement in sports and recreational activities by ordinary citizens rather than elite athletes.