B CHP 20

Anatomy

The study of structure and the relationships among structures.

Physiology

The study of how body structures function.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines internal organs and cavities, serving as a barrier to injury and fluid loss.

Connective Tissue

A type of tissue characterized by sparse cells and an extensive extracellular matrix, providing support for organs.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue that consists of excitable cells capable of contraction and is responsible for movement.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that forms a communication network in the body, coordinating and controlling body activities.

Phenotype

Observable traits of an organism that reflect the relationship between structure and function.

Natural Selection

The process by which certain traits become more common in a population due to their advantages for survival and reproduction.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism despite changes in the external environment.

Tissue

An integrated group of cells sharing a common structure and function.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue that allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration.

Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that is specialized for secretion and absorption, often found in kidney tubules.

Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that secretes and absorbs substances; found in the digestive tract and respiratory system.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and moves it with cilia; found in the respiratory tract.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layer epithelial tissue that protects against abrasion; found in the esophagus and mouth.

Loose Connective Tissue

Connective tissue that serves as binding and packing material, holding other tissues in place.

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Dense connective tissue that provides strength and support, found in tendons and ligaments.

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue specialized for fat storage, providing insulation and energy reserves.

Cartilage Tissue

A flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body including the nose, ears, and joints.

Bone Tissue

Hard connective tissue that provides support and protection, composed of collagen and calcium salts.

Blood

A liquid connective tissue that serves as a transport medium for nutrients, waste, and cells in the body.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle tissue responsible for body movements.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue that makes up the heart and pumps blood.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of internal organs, aiding in functions such as digestion.

Neuron

The major cell type in nervous tissue that transmits electrical impulses.

Emergent Properties

Traits that arise at a higher organizational level that do not exist at lower levels.

Organ

A structure composed of multiple tissues working together to perform specific functions.

Organ System

A group of organs that cooperate to perform a major function in the body.

Inflammation

A response by the immune system characterized by redness, swelling, and heat at the injury site.

Vascularized

Tissue that contains blood vessels, allowing for rapid healing.

Extracellular Matrix

A network of proteins and carbohydrates that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA:V)

A ratio that describes how the surface area of an object increases relative to its volume, important for understanding exchange mechanisms.

Negative Feedback

A process in homeostasis where a change in a system initiates a response that counteracts that change.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels.

Regulatory Immune Cells

Immune cells that control and moderate responses to prevent damage to the body's own tissues.

Homeostasis: Temperature Regulation

The process of maintaining internal body temperature within a narrow range despite external temperature fluctuations.