HS 300 Midterm 1

"state-building" in canada

Canada becoming an independent nation, figuring out what roles provincial and federal governments should play in realms like the health administration.

1957 Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act

Introduced a nationally-funded health system where the federal government provided 50% of provincial hospital costs, sparking a 'Hospital Boom'.

Alcohol consumption measurement

Measured by per capita alcohol consumption.

Antibiotic resistance measurement

Measured by people or hospital days spent with resistant bacterial infections.

• measurement determines if there is a health threat to population or not

Antibiotic use measurement

Tracking treated individuals and overuse causing resistance.

Around How much does the federal government actually fund each province for healthcare costs now?

around 22%

Attitudes towards risk

Personal thoughts on health risk and feeling able to improve behaviour.

Big pharma 1920-1970 medicine period

realized profit and marketability of selling and producing drugs/treatments

Bilateral health agreements

Targeted federal funding agreements with provinces and territories, which establishes more targeted funding. EX: "Aging with Dignity," "Working Together," "Shared Priorities."

Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate

controls/Regulates biologics -> vaccines, blood products, radioactive materials, organ/tissue

CADTH (Canada's Drug Agency)

An independent agency that coordinates health technology assessments and makes recommendations on new medications and devices.

Canada Health Act (1984) core criteria

Requires provincial health care to be Publicly Administered, Comprehensive, Universally available, Portable across provinces, and Accessible.

Canada Health Transfer (CHT) funding

Federal block funding to provinces for healthcare, representing about $54.7 billion in 2025-26 with a 5% annual growth rate.

Canadian Drugs and Substances Strategy (2023)

Federal strategy to minimize overdose deaths, substance harms, and lower substance use rates.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)

Agency inspecting food production and monitoring plant and animal-borne diseases.

Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI)

An independent agency that collects and analyzes health system data across Canada.

Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)

A federal agency that funds targeted research and identifies health research priorities and needs.

Cancer monitoring

Tracking cancer cases and deaths to evaluate diagnosis and treatment.

Cannabis use indicator

Measured by people using daily for the past 30 days.

CHA Accessibility Principle

If one needs specific care government will have to provide it. EX: Necessary procedure for Saskatchewan resident unavailable in SK, government must fund the care outside of province including transportation to place that has the care

CHA Comprehensive Coverage Principle

No one can be charged for "medically necessary" care (may/may not include dental, pharma, homecare, ambulance, etc) -provinces to decide what care is medically necessary and what is not

CHA Portability Principle

Care is accepted in every province (at least for emergency) EX: Saskatchewan resident visiting Alberta and needs emergency surgery, AB will bill SK government for procedures

CHA Public Administration principle

Health services must be Managed by a public authority, not-for-profit basis administered by the government

CHA Universality Principle

All valid citizens of a province can receive care, no income qualification

Childhood bullying and domestic abuse indicators

Reported measures of IPV and child abuse.

Communicable disease tracking

Measuring existing and new cases typically per 100,000 people. (Syphillis, HEP C, HIV, TB)

Community belonging indicator

Measuring an individual's sense of belonging in their community.

Confederation of Canada (1867)

Canada created with 4 provinces: Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia -> independent, has authority, made numbered treaties with Indigenous people

Control over health behaviour

Influenced by personal motivations or choices limited by external environments.

Controlled Substances and Cannabis Branch role

explains scientifically appropriate use of substances, regulates legal/illegal substances, enforces laws, monitors compliance to laws

Decline of Indigenous population by 1867

dropped from 500k in 1600 to 125k in 1867

Determinants of health behaviour

Personality, health beliefs, risk attitudes, motivation, peers, and culture.

Doctors and Indigenous Health Advice in 1600s

many would consult with Indigenous healers and settler doctors equally

Drug Identification Number (DIN)

Required identification number assigned to prescription drugs before entering the market.

Early colonization political goals (1600s)

age of imperialism and mercantilism - find gold and exploit wealth rather than build new countries/alliances

Early doctors in the 1600s

Arrived with settlers and treated injuries, wounds, or diseases in homes for money, didnt have medical knowledge or credentials.

Early health care in the 1600s

Based on observation, trial, and error. Early hospitals and health professions were not meant to cure EX: Hotel Dieu "nursing sisters" in 1639.

Education as a health determinant

Provides health/self-care knowledge and secures jobs.

Established Programs Financing (EPF) act of 1977

Health costs for each province through "BLOCK FUNDING" - covers physcian services + other providers depending on province

European health knowledge in the 1600s

Separated mind and body, more tools and knowledge for surgery and communicable diseases thru connections with Asia and Middle East.

Federal role in health at Confederation

Limited to external threats, specifically quarantine and marine hospitals.

fiest federal ministry of health

est 1928- worked collaboratively with provincial health departments

Great Depression impacts

Economic downturn wiped out jobs, savings, and security, creating widespread fear and uncertainty about the future.

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

Lifespan lived in good health based on functional indicators (vision, hearing, speech, emotion, cognition, pain)

health adjusted Life expectancy of Canadians at 65

15.3 years

Health behaviour constraint

Constrained by whether one has access to resources or not.

Health beliefs impact

Beliefs about health influence treatment-seeking, medicine use, and vaccinations.

Health inequity definition

Differences in health status resulting from power differences among groups.

Health Products and Foods Branch

Regulates prescription and non-prescription health products to ensure safety for the Canadian public.

Health promotion in the 1980s

Canada led in health promotion by focusing on changing behaviors, addressing social determinants of health, and preventing chronic disease.

Health services development (1800s)

First medical school opened in Montreal in 1825, apothecaries prepared early medicines, churches ran hospitals for poor and Indigenous.

how did people survive in canada?

hunting, fishing, farming, trading, creating families

how did Saskatchewan fund health services through its "1947 Hospital Plan" ?

Collected taxes for health services and provided hospital services to the public for free

how did settlers try to dominate Indigenous people

through violence (guns), starvation, intentional spread of smallpox, tuberculosis, influenza.

• caused vast drop in Indigenous population

How does federal government maintain leadership over Canada while still acting as a partner to provinces?

maintains good relations, participates in assemblies with leaders, collaborates with provinces, maintains infrastructure and enforces federal health legislation

how does the Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate regulate things?

reviews clinical evidence weighing risks and benefits on-site evaluations, lab assessments Inspections, tests, rules on how labs are built, where products are made, etc. monitors product's safety + effectiveness.

how is Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) indicated?

Survey conducted to determine how much of total lifespan people are living in good health "can you see and hear or dress yourself are you in pain"

how many deaths were attributed to antimicrobial resistance in 2018?

5400

How much was the federal government initially supposed to fund each province for healthcare costs?

50% of total cost

how was health and social policy used negatively? (1920-1970)

Used to undermine Indigenous knowledge and lifestyle to justify control over their lives and families EX: "These people are sick, can't manage their families or lives"

Illness definition

The experience of being in a socially devalued state.

Impact of the Indian Act and reserve system

Restricted the lives and movements of Indigenous peoples, forcing western-style political organization and putting communities under government control.

Impact of US Independence on British colonies

After the US gained independence in 1776 and attacked English colonies, England feared losing territory and pressured to settle western Canada.

Impacts of power inequality

Economic inequality, discrimination, and reduced motivation to change conditions.

in 2023, How much money was deducted from Saskatchewan's CH transfer payments after violating CHA guidelines?

$1 million

Income as a health determinant

Impacts material conditions like food, housing, and financial comfort.

Indigenous health knowledge in the 1600s

knowledge on plant properties, environmental dangers, and holistic realm of social, emotional, and spiritual health.

Indigenous health needs and colonialism today

Experiences of colonialism impact current Indigenous health needs and cause hesitation in reaching out to healthcare providers and government.

Indigenous pre-confederation habits

also fished, hunted and farmed, to sustain their family and community rather than for export.

key turning point for Canadian health in 1980s

focus on health promotion, changing people's behaviour, providing conditions and support for healthy lives

Leqembi Alzheimer's treatment

First-ever disease-modifying Alzheimer's treatment approved in Canada in Oct 2025, costing over $26,000 annually.

Life expectancy indicator

Data derived from birth and death records.

Life expectancy of Canadians at 65

20.9 years

Low birthweight and developmental delays

Tracked before starting kindergarten to measure language, growth, behavioural delays

Marketed Health Products Directorate

Post-market surveillance assessing the safety of authorized health products and adverse reactions.

Medical advancements in the mid-20th century

Advances like penicillin, insulin, and diagnostic scans improved treatments but came with high costs and shifted care toward centralized hospital infrastructure.

Medicare and Medical Care Act (1966)

Formalized medicare covering hospitals and physicians, provinces spent money on health care + federal government repays 50% of cost

medicine development (1920-1970)

university and medical school research, research by private capital (big pharma)

Monitoring Canada Health Act compliance

Federal monitoring of provinces to ensure patients are not charged for medically necessary diagnostic services like MRIs and CT scans.

Mood and anxiety disorders tracking

Measuring cases and deaths by suicide.

Motivation in health behaviour

Having the capability of changing or improving health behaviour.

Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate

Pre-market evaluation and safety authorization for natural health products and their packaging.

Natural environment determinant

Living environments containing outdoor or indoor harms impacting health.

Obesity rates indicator

Self-reported measures adjusted to reflect bias.

Opioid toxicity tracking

Measured by deaths per 100,000 and hospitalizations per day.

Pan-Canadian Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

A coordinated national response led by PHAC, FPT Ministers of Health to address major antimicrobial resistance threats.

Patented Medicine Prices Review Board

Federal board performing cost-benefit analysis to ensure prescription medication prices are fair or subject to review.

Paternalistic policies toward Indigenous peoples

Residential schools, alcohol policies, and child welfare policies -> attempted to show they were unhealthy and dysfunctional

Perceived health indicator

Asking the population directly how their health is.

Personality's role in health behaviour

How one responds to stress, coping skills, and emotions like anxiety.

Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA)

Pre- and post-market agency that reviews and licenses pesticides to maintain national regulatory standards.

Physical activity indicator

Percentage meeting activity guidelines, such as 30 minutes daily for adults

points of contact between Indigenous and settler peoples

over commerce, cultural exchange, justice system, conflicts over land and culture

Post-WWII international collaboration

Led to the creation of the World Health Organization and United Nations to foster global cooperation and prevent future wars.

Poverty line

Living on less income than the established poverty threshold.

Pre-colonization Indigenous adaptation to environment

Relying on deep environmental knowledge and intelligence to survive harsh conditions in Canada.

Pre-colonization Indigenous health

they had diverse cultures, low population density, and experienced fewer infectious diseases unlike other populations at the time

Principle of subsidiarity in Canadian government

The principle that the level of government closest to an issue is the one that deals with it. EX: Provinces in charge of things within their jurisdiction (education, healthcare, highways) Federal in charge of national initiatives affecting Canada

Public health (Late 19th Century)

"Modern Medicine" becoming normalized - Mental health = health condition, Tuberculosis= incurable but preventable disease

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

Federal agency managing health promotion, population surveillance, infectious disease tracking, and emergency response.