Renal System

urinary incontinence

involuntary loss of urine

stress incontinence

physical activity or pressure causes urine leakage

urge incontinence

a sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by involuntary urine loss

alpha adrenergic agonists

stimulate receptors in bladder neck, improving muscle tone & reducing incontinence

urinary antispasmodics

inhibit bladder contractions, managing symptoms of urging continence & overactive bladder

estrogen replacement therapy

help to improve muscle tone & function in postmenopausal women, reducing incontinence episodes

urinary retention

inability to urinate, caused by urethral blockages, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), nerve damage, pelvic infections, & anesthesia effects

foley catheters

medical devices used to relieve urinary retention by draining the bladder directly

urinary cholinergics

stimulate bladder contractions, aiding in urination

what drug classification is Bethanechol

urinary cholinergic

urinary tract infection (UTI)

bacterial infections in the urinary system, with women being more prone due to their shorter urethra

UTI symptoms

frequent urination, burning sensation after urination, & cloudy or strong smelling urine, & presence of blood in urine

what is used to treat UTI’s

nitrofurantonin & trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

analgesics

prevent burning and itching in urinary tract

what drug class is Phenazopyridine

analgesic

renal (kidney) failure

inability to filter waste, leading to a buildup of toxins in the body

acute renal failure

occurs suddenly

chronic renal failure

develops over time

symptoms of renal failure

fatigue, leg swelling, SOB, & confusion

causes of renal failure

dehydration, infections, diabetes & HTN

treatments for renal failure

dialysis & kidney transplants

dialysis

artificial filtration of blood

what can be used to manage blood pressure & reduce kidney damage?

ACE inhibitors & ARBs

hematuria

blood in the urine, indicating kidney injury or infection

nephritis

inflammation of the kidneys, caused by infections or autoimmune diseases

nephritis symptoms

change in urine output, pain & swelling

how to treat nephritis

antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs, & corticosteroids

uremia

buildup of waste in the blood

uremia symptoms

nausea, fatigue & confusion

prostatitis

inflammation of prostate gland, commonly affecting men

prostatitis symptoms

urge to urinate, urination pain, pelvic pain, & fever/chills

causes of prostatitis

infection, stress, & nerve damage

how to treat prostatitis

antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, & alpha-blockers

kidney stones

hard mineral deposits formed in kidneys due to concentrated urine & certain dietary factors

kidney stone symptoms

severe back/side pain, blood in urine, & urge to urinate

kidney stone treatments

drink water, pain relievers, oral analgesics, & lithotripsy

lithotripsy

breaks up kidney stones using ultrasound waves through the urethra

kidney stone prevention

regular hydration, reduce salt intake, and avoid foods high in oxalates

diabetic nephropathy

damages filtering system, leaks protein to urine, and lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

what is used to treat diabetics nephropathy

ACE inhibitors & ARBs

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

final stage of kidney disease where the kidneys can no longer function adequately

treatment for ESRD

dialysis & kidney transplant

tolterodine brand name

detrol LA

what drug classification is Detrol LA (Tolterodine)

urinary antispasmodic

solifenacin brand name

VESIcare

what drug classification is VESIcare (solifenacin)

urinary antispasmodic

darifenacin brand name

enablex

what drug classification is Enablex (darifenacin)

urinary antispasmodic

furosemide brand name

lasix

what drug classification is Lasix (furosemide)

loop diuretic

loop diuretics

inhibit sodium chloride reabsorption in the loop of henle within the nephron, increasing urine output & reducing fluid overload

side effects of loop diuretics

low sodium levels (hyponatremia) & hypotension

triamterene brand name

dyrenium

what drug classification is Dyrenium (triamterene)

potassium-sparing diuretics

potassium-sparing diuretics

block sodium channels in distal tubule of nephron, reducing sodium reabsorption & preventing potassium loss, maintaining electrolyte balance

hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) brand name

Microzide Esidrix

what drug classification is Microzide Esidrix (hydrochlorothiazide)

thiazide diuretic

triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide brand name

Dyazide Maxzide

what drug classification is Dyazide Maxzide (triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide)

diuretics combo

what do thiazide diuretics & diuretics combos do

inhibit sodium reabsorption, increase urine output, & reduce BP

what can thiazide diuretics & diuretics combos also treat

hypertension & edema