Lecture 1 - Intro Fatty Acids
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72 Terms
Lipid Definition
A small, water-insoluble biomolecule.
Lipid Energy Storage
Storing metabolic energy.
Lipid Membrane Structure
Forming cellular membranes.
Lipid Cell Signaling
Participating in cell signaling pathways.
Lipid Insulation and Protection
Providing thermal insulation and physical protection.
Fatty Acid Definition
Primary lipids involved in energy and energy storage.
Hydrophilic Region of Fatty Acid
The carboxyl group.
Hydrophobic Region of Fatty Acid
The hydrocarbon chain.
Fatty Acid Amphipathic Nature
Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Reduced Form of Carbon
Carbon atoms with many C-H bonds yielding substantial energy when oxidized.
Fatty Acid Hydrocarbon Tail
The hydrophobic carbon chain attached to the carboxyl group.
Saturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
Carbon Numbering of Fatty Acids
The carboxyl carbon is designated as C1.
Fatty Acid Notation 18:1
18 carbon atoms and 1 double bond.
Fatty Acid Notation 18:2
18 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds.
Delta (Δ) Notation
Indicates the position of double bonds counted from the carboxyl carbon.
18:2(Δ9,12) Meaning
An 18-carbon fatty acid with double bonds at carbons 9 and 12.
20:4(Δ5,8,11,14) Meaning
A 20-carbon fatty acid with four double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, and 14.
Naturally Occurring Fatty Acid Length
Typically 12-24 carbons long.
Naturally Occurring Fatty Acid Branching
They are unbranched.
Naturally Occurring Fatty Acid Parity
They generally contain an even number of carbons.
Common Double Bond Positions
Δ9, Δ12, or Δ15.
Conjugation of Natural Double Bonds
Naturally occurring double bonds are almost never conjugated.
Conjugated Double-Bond System
Double bonds separated by only one single bond.
Non-Conjugated Double-Bond Arrangement
Separated by a methylene group: -CH=CH-CH₂-CH=CH-.
Geometric Configuration of Natural Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Almost always cis.
Lauric Acid Skeleton
12:0.
Myristic Acid Skeleton
14:0.
Palmitic Acid Skeleton
16:0.
Stearic Acid Skeleton
18:0.
Arachidic Acid Skeleton
20:0.
Lignoceric Acid Skeleton
24:0.
Palmitoleic Acid Skeleton
16:1(Δ9).
Oleic Acid Skeleton
18:1(Δ9).
Linoleic Acid Skeleton
18:2(Δ9,12).
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Skeleton
18:3(Δ9,12,15).
Arachidonic Acid Skeleton
20:4(Δ5,8,11,14).
Determinants of Fatty Acid Physical Properties
Chain length and degree of unsaturation.
Effect of Chain Length on Melting Point
Melting point generally increases as chain length increases.
Melting Point of Saturated Fatty Acids
Higher melting points due to tight chain packing.
Room-Temperature State of Saturated Fatty Acids
Solid, due to tight packing and high melting points.
Melting Point of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Lower melting points because cis double bonds reduce packing efficiency.
Room-Temperature State of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Liquid, due to kinks preventing tight packing.
Effect of Cis Double Bond on Chain
It creates a kink in the hydrocarbon chain.
Effect of Increased Unsaturation on Packing
It decreases tight packing and weakens intermolecular interactions.
Omega Nomenclature Starting Point
The methyl end of the fatty acid chain.
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Definition
An unsaturated fatty acid with its first double bond 3 carbons from the methyl end.
Omega-6 Fatty Acid Definition
An unsaturated fatty acid with its first double bond 6 carbons from the methyl end.
EPA Definition and Structure
Eicosapentaenoic acid; an omega-3 fatty acid with 20 carbons and 5 double bonds.
DHA Definition and Structure
Docosahexaenoic acid; an omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbons and 6 double bonds.
Triacylglycerol (TAG) Definition
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids esterified to one glycerol molecule.
Triacylglycerol Synonym
Triglyceride.
TAG Linkages
Ester linkages.
TAG Composition
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
Glycerol Structure
A three-carbon alcohol containing three hydroxyl groups.
TAG Solubility
Hydrophobic and essentially insoluble in water.
Major Function of TAGs
Energy storage.
Cellular Location of TAG Storage
Oily lipid droplets within the cytosol.
Lipid Droplets
Intracellular droplets containing stored TAGs serving as metabolic fuel deposits.
Adipocytes
Cells specialized in storing large amounts of TAG.
TAG Thermal Insulation
Subcutaneous TAG reduces heat loss and insulates the body.
TAG Energy Density vs Carbohydrates
TAGs provide more energy per gram because their carbons are more reduced.
Energy Yield of Fat
Approximately 38 kJ/mol.
Energy Yield of Carbohydrates
Approximately 17 kJ/mol.
TAG Hydration State
They are stored essentially without associated water, increasing storage efficiency.
Carbohydrate Hydration Effect
Hydration adds water weight, reducing carbohydrate storage efficiency.
Natural Dietary Fat Composition
Complex mixtures of simple and mixed TAGs.
Simple vs Mixed TAGs
Simple TAGs contain the same fatty acid; mixed TAGs contain different fatty acids.
Olive Oil Room-Temperature State
Liquid, due to high unsaturation lowering the melting point.
Butter Room-Temperature State
A soft solid, due to a high proportion of saturated fatty acids.
Beef Fat Room-Temperature State
A hard solid, due to a very high proportion of long-chain saturated fatty acids.