Introduction to Veterinary Science, Chapter 1

anesthetize

to sedate animals ( so the lack sensitivity or awareness)

antibiotics

drugs that fight bacterial infections

cancer

uncontrolled cell division

lipid

fat

hydrophilic

attracted to or soluble in water

hydrophobic

repeled by water

glucose

blood sugar

diabetes

elevated blood sugar. blood sugar at very high levels, but the animal does not utilize it properly.

glycogen

polysaccharide, used to store cellular energy.

enzymes

protein molecules that speed chemical reaction in the body

antibodies

infection-fighting proteins

exocytosis

the process which takes a membrane-bound sac, joins it to the cell membrane, and then releases it to the extracellular fluid.

metabolism

all reactions conducted in the cells

anabolism

cellular reaction that breaks larger molecules into smaller ones

homeostasis

maintenance of the extracellular fluid

diffusion

process that allows molecules to move across a membrane in an effort to equal concentration

osmosis

process that allows a solvent to move across a membrane in an effort to equalize concentration but will not allow large molecules of the solutes to pass

solutes

molecules dissolved in the water

active transport

process that allows the pumping of a substance into an area of higher concentration

endocytosis

process that allows the cell membrane to wrap around a particle and then section it into the cytoplasm as a vacuole

benign

description of tumor that is localized and will not spread to other areas of the body

malignant

description of a tumor that will invade other parts of the body

pathologists

scientist who interpret and diagnose changes in cells and tissues

the smaller the molecule the more easily diffusion occurs

SER

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

has no ribosomes attached (ex. liver cells)

metabolism

all cellular reactions

extracellular fluid surrounds all living cells and is derived from

blood

diabetes

too much blood sugar

how many different types of amino acids are used to make proteins

22

plasma membrane

cell membrane

chromatin (DNA)

is found in the nucleus of the cell

do mammals have an even or odd number of chromosomes

an even number of chromosomes

do enzymes function identically in all species

no

5 mechanisms of cellular exchange

1. diffusion, 2. osmosis 3. active transport , 4.endocytosis, 5, exocytosis

4 stages of mitosis

1. interphase, 2.prophase, 3.metaphase, 4. anaphase, 5.telophase

how do cancer cells differ from normal cells

1. too many cells involved in cell division, 2. invade surrounding tissue, 3. have a large nucleus with many nucleiin 4. chromatin is clumped and visible, 5. dividing cells have an abnormal spindle