Anatomy Exam 4 (Based on study guide)

What parts form the brain?

Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem

What structure contains the cardiovascular centers and respiratory centers?

Medulla oblongata

What structure contains apneustic center and pneumotaxic center?

Pons

What structures forms the diencephalon?

Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

What is the function of the thalamus?

Sensory relay station (coordiantes motor activites)

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Maintains homeostasis and behavioral drives (hunger, thirst)

What are the parts of the cerebellum?

Flocculonodular lobe, vermis, anterior lobe, posterior lobe, primary fissure, arbor vitae, cerebellar cortex,

What structures divide the cerebellum into lobes and hemispheres?

Vermis separates hemispheres, primary fissure separates lobes

What is the function of the corpora quadrigemina and where is it found?

Relays signals for auditory (inferior colliculus) and visual reflexes (superior colliculus)

What are the structures of the limbic system?

Hypothalamus, amygdaloid body, hippocampus

What is cerebral lateralization?

Each hemisphere has a special function not shared by the other hemisphere

What is the function of the Warnicke's area?

Visual integration (readings words)

What is the function of the Broca's area?

Auditory integration (hearing words)

What forms the dorsal root?

Afferent axons (sensory neurons)

What forms the vental root?

Efferent visceral (motor neurons)

What is the organization of white and gray matter in the brain?

White matter inside, gray matter outside

What is the organization of white and gray matter in the spinal cord?

Gray matter inside, white matter outside

What is the lumbar enlagement?

segment with abundance of interneurons in lumbar region

What is the cervical enlargement?

segment with abundance of interneurons in cervical region

What is the conus medullaris?

cone-shaped tip of spinal cord

What is the cauda equina?

Nerves roots on the tip of the conus medullaris

What is the filum terminale?

Pia mater extension connecting spinal cord to first coccygela vertebrae

How many spinal nerves are in the human body?

31 (8, 12, 5, 5, 1)

What are dermatomes?

Regions of skin that are innervated by spinal nerves

What are nervous plexuses?

Network of interwoven nerves

What nerve of the cervical plexus has an important role in the process of respiration and why?

Phrenic nerve because it innervates the diaphragm

What are the dorsal and ventral rami and their functions?

Dorsal ramus (innervates back) and ventral ramus (innervates body wall and limbs

What are rami communicantes?

White and gray rami together

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

What is the longest nerve of the human body?

sciatic nerve

List the sections that compose the brachial plexus

Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Nerves

List the nerve that innervates extensors of the arm

Radial Nerve

List the nerve that innervates flexors of the arm

Musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerve

What is a reflex?

An immediate involuntary motor response

What elements form a reflex arc?

Sensory receptor (sensory neuron) to spinal cord to peripheral effector (motor neuron)

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve I?

Olfactory, sensory, olfactory information

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve II?

Optic nerve, sensory, visual information

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve III?

Oculomotor, motor, eye movement and pupil constriction

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve IV?

Trochlear, motor, eye movement

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve V?

Trigeminal, mixed, face and mouth (sensory), chewing (motor)

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve VI?

Abducens, motor, eye movement

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve VII?

Facial, mixed, taste (sensory), tears and salivary glands (motor), general facial expression (both)

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve VIII?

Vestibulocochlear, sensory, hearing and equilibrium

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve IX?

Glossopharyngeal, mixed, oral cavity and chemoreceptors in blood vessels (sensory), swallowing and parotid salivary glands (motor)

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve X?

Vagus, mixed, internal organs, muscles, glands (both)

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve XI?

Accessory, motor, neck and shoulder muscles

What is the name, type, and function of the nerve XII?

Hypoglossal, motor, tongue muscles

What are the classifications of receptors based on the stimulus they receive?

Thermoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors

What do thermoreceptors respond to?

temperature changes (less than 45ºC)

What do nociceptors respond to?

pain (temperatures above 45ºC)

What do mechanoreceptors respond to?

touch, pressure, vibration

What do chemoreceptors respond to?

Chemicals

What are the two structures of nerve endings?

free and encapsulated

What are the types of encapsulated nerve endings?

Tactile, lamellar, bulbous

What is the location and function of tactile corpuscles?

Eyelids, lips, external genitalia, fingertips, nipples, and they sense vibration

What is the location and function of lamellar corpuscles?

Fingers, breast, genitalia, deep fascia, joint capsules, urethra, and they sense deep pressure

What is the location and function of bulbous corpuscles?

Dermis, and they sense pressure and skin stretch

Where are free nerve endings found?

epidermis and papillary dermis

What are exteroceptors?

Receptors that provide information about the external environment

What are interoreceptors?

Receptors that monitor internal organ activity

What are proprioceptors?

Receptors that monitor position and movement

Where are proprioceptors found?

musculoskeletal organs (tendons, joints)

What is the origin of neurons and ganglia of the sympathietic division?

Lateral horn (gray matter) in T1 to L2

What is the origin of neurons and ganglia of the parasympathietic division?

brain stem (gray matter) and S2-S4

What is the cranial outflow?

Parasympathetic nerves that originates in brain and innervates head, neck, thorax, and abdomen areas

What are the sacral outflow?

Parasympathetic nerves that originate in S2-S4 and innervate distal portions of digestive tract and pelvic organ

What are the trunk ganglia?

Nerves located on both sides of the vertebral column

What are collateral ganglia?

Nerves in the pelvis and anterior to vertebral column

What is the enteric nervous system?

nervous system of digestive tract (esophagus to rectum)

What is achalasia?

inflammation and degeneration of ganglion cells in myenteric plexus of esophagus

What is gastroparesis?

Delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction

What is a common cause of gastroparesis?

Diabetes

What structures are the autonomic control centers?

Hypothalamus, pons, medulla, spinal cord

What autonomic activities does the hypothalamus regulate?

Water balance, temperature, hunger

What autonomic activities does the pons regulate?

respiration

What autonomic activities does the medulla oblongata regulate?

respiration, cardiac, vomiting, swallowing

What autonomic activities does the spinal cord regulate?

urination, defecation, erection, ejaculation

What is the anatomical arrangement of the sympathetic autonomic pathways?

Preganglionic neuron, sympathetic ganglion, blood stream, target

What is the anatomical arrangement of the parasympathetic autonomic pathways?

Preganglionic neuron, parasympathetic ganglion, target

What is the neuroeffectors synapse?

Synapse between postganglionic neuron and effectors

What is referred pain?

Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus

What type of cells are associated with the olfactory epithelium?

Olfactory cells

What substances or ions are involved in taste sensations?

H+ (sour), Na+ (salty), Glucose (sweet), Glutamate (umami), toxic components (bitter)

Where are the taste receptors on the tongue?

In the taste buds found on papillae

What are the types of papillae on the tongue, and where are they located?

Foliate (side), vallate (dorsal), fungiform (ventral)

What structures form the external ear?

Auricle, helix, lobule, external acoustic meatus,

What structures form the middle ear?

Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes

What structures form the inner ear?

oval window, vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, round window

What structures and fluids are associated with the cochlea?

scala vestibuli (vestibular duct), scala tympani (tympanic duct), scala media (cochlear duct), organ of corti, basilar membrane, perilymph, endolymph

Where is the organ of Corti, and what structures form it?

In scala media and formed by hair cells

What structures of the inner ear are associated with equilibrium?

Semicircular canals (rotational acceleration) and otolith organs (linear acceleration)

What does the superior semicircular canal do?

Senses front to back rotation (yes)

What does the horizontal semicircular canal do?

Senses left to right rotation (no)

What does the posterior semicircular canal do?

Senses head tilt (cartwheel)

What are the structures of otoliths?

Utricle, Saccule, maculae

What are kinocilium?

Stereocilia that creates a reference point for direction of movement

What is the maculae?

Sensory structure of otolith organs

What structures form the external eye?

Cornea, pupil, iris, aqueous humor, sclera, lacrimal caruncle

What structures form the internal eye?

lens, zonules, ciliary muscles, retina, fovea, vitreous chamber, optic disk,

What structures form the lacrimal apparatus?

lacrimal gland, punctum, canaliculus, sac, nasolacrimal duct, inferior meatus of nasal cavity, nostril