O chem memorization

Alkane

• chain of Hydrogens and Carbons, has to be sp³ hybridized

• with only single bonds between the carbon atoms

Alkene

• any of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond

Alkyne

• an organic compound containing a carbon-carbon triple bond

Aromatic ring 

• the bonds have to overlap for it to be aromatic 

Alcohol

• has to have an OH

• alcohols are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl OH functional group

Ether

• An ether is an organic compound that consists of an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups

Amine

• an organic compound with a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl or aryl groups

Haloalkane/alkyl halides

• hydrocarbon bonded to halogen 

Aldehyde

• carbon with double bond with an Oxygen

Carboxylic acid

Amide

• its the O double bonded to the C bonded to the N, the hydrogen aren’t important

Ketone

• giving the general structure R-CO-R’

Ester

Nitrile

One carbon

Methane

Two carbons

Ethane

Three carbons

Propane

Four carbons

Butane

Five carbons

Pentane

Six carbons

Hexane

Seven carbons

Heptane

Eight carbons

Octane

Nine carbons

Nonane

Ten carbons

Decane

• Right one is propylcyclohexane:

  • Prop because propane:three carbons on the substituent chain

• Middle is Isopropylcyclohexane:

  • Iso: referring to the split into two branching carbons and then

  • Prop: referring to the fact that there are three total carbons on the extending chain

• Left is Tertbutylcyclohexane:

  • Tert: referring to the three branching carbons

  • Butyl: referring to the four carbons on the substiuent

Numbering the branches

• find the longest chain

• Lower numbers are favored

• Substiuents in alphabetical order

• Double bond have priority

Naming halogens for numbering chain

• Fluoro

• Chloro

• Bromo

• Iodo

Isomers

Same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms

• constitutional isomers-different connection between atoms

• Stereoisomers- same connections, different relative orientations

Stereocenters/ Asymmetric Centers

• an atom (generally carbon) bonded to 4 different groups

Chiral objects

• nonsuperimposable with its mirror image

• Not the same as its mirror image

• molecules with exactly one stereocenter are always chiral

Achiral objects

• An archival object is the same as its mirror image

• Achiral molecules with stereocenters are also referred to as “meso”

Given two structures we say they are

• unrelated

• Constitutional isomers

• Stereoisomers

  • Enantiomers (mirror images)

  • Diasteromers (not mirror images)

• Identical

  • “Conformational isomers”

• There is free rotation around single bonds, not double bonds

Properties of Enantiomers

• enantiomers have nearly identical physical and chemical properties

• They interact differently with other chiral objects

• Racemic Mixtures: a mixture that contains equal amounts of 2 enantiomers

Newman projections

• the bottom left is dashed and the right is wedged

Z and E stereochemistry

• if the two highest priority are both on top then its Z

• If ones on top and ones on bottom it’s E

R and S stereochemistry

• if it ends on a wedge: clockwise is S and Counterclockwise is R

• if it ends on a dash: Clockwise is R and counterclockwise is S