b7 disease

4 pathogens

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protocists

when pathogens can be transferred from one host to another

transmissible

how do pathogens spread

direct(touching a host’s blood or body fluid), indirect(touching contaminated surfaces, eating contaminated food, carried by animals, breathed in through air)

4 defenses of body

skin, hair in the nose, mucus, stomach acid

response to pathogen

lymphocytes coma across a foreign antigen and create antibodies that are complimentary to the antigen, that destroys or marks the pathogens to be destroyed by phagocytes. memory cells that can produce antibodies are saved for a fast response against the same pathogen later on

5 ways to reduce spread of disease

hygienic food preperetions, good personal hygiene, proper waste disposal, clean drinking water, waste and sewage treatment

how is diarrhoea caused

cholera bacteria is transmitted though contaminated water and causes dehydration and loss of ions from the blood. this is because toxins released by cholera causes chloride ions to be secreted into the small intestine which in turn reduces the water potential inside the intestine and causes water to diffuse into the intestine and get excreted along with the ions

passive immunity

when you get a short term defense against a pathogen with antibodies made by another organism(babies getting immunity from the placenta and breast milk of their mothers)

herd immunity

when a large percentage of a population is vaccinated it also protects the unvaccinated individuals since they have less people to catch it from

vaccination

when you are exposed to a weaker for of the pathogen so your body can create memory cells that produce antibodies against that pathogen and you gain long term active immunity without having to actually be infected with the full strength pathogen